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Operant conditioning theory
Basic features of operant conditioning
Basic features of operant conditioning
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According to Gartrell (2014) transitions are the “events that occur in the process of moving children from one activity to another in the daily program, which the teacher may or may not have planned” (p. 519). Transitions happen all day throughout the day. Our transition will be done with a clapping pattern. This is a series of claps that the students have to repeat. When the students repeat the pattern I know that the class is listening. When I want the students to clean up I will clap, they will repeat, and then I will tell them to clean up. This works for all types of transitions, whether it is gathering for circle or meeting time, lining up, settling down, changing groups, or just getting the student’s attention.
Classroom Elements The physical classroom environment can affect all aspects in a student’s school life. The educator must build an environment that fosters respectable behavior and has higher level of learning. The classrooms “physical environment can influence students’ sense of self and security, intellectual
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Skinner’s operant conditioning. Operant conditioning is a learning process through positive and negative reinforcement. This conditioning has a connection made between a behavior and a consequence for that specific behavior. There are positive and negative reinforcements and punishments. Positive reinforcements are encouraging things that are obtainable after the desired behavior (when the student shows good behaviors reward them with a sticker on a chart). During the situation that had a positive reinforcement used, the desired behavior is strengthened. A positive punishment encompasses the execution of an undesirable consequence that will make the unwanted behavior decrease. A negative reinforcement is discouraging a behavior with an unpleasant response. A negative punishment is when something is taken away that is favorable to that student (when the student shows a bad behavior take away 5 minutes of play
“Operant conditioning is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior. Through operant conditioning, an association is made between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior” (Cherry). Positive reinforcement which is praising a person for doing something good verses negative reinforcement which is an unpleasant remark a punishment. B.F. Skinner did an experiment on a rat, the rat was taught to push two buttons, one to receive food and the other was a light electric shock. The rat tried both buttons and realized which button was good and which one was bad. This experiment goes to show that upon the rewards and punishment system one can learn their rights from their wrongs through a series of lessons. Kincaid and Hemingway both use operant conditioning to show human behavior under stimulus control.
Operant conditioning is changing behavior through the use of reinforcement after the desired action is given; a behavior that is rewarded positively is more likely to continue and a behavior that is rewarded negatively would likely stop occurring (Santrock,2014). In addition to reinforcement, Skinner also talks about punishment. Reinforcement increases the probability an action or behavior will be repeated, while punishment is intended to decrease a behavior (McLeod, 2015). When Laurie was younger, she thought she was being sent to school every day to socialize with her friends and that learning was a secondary, unintentional happenstance. In third grade, compared to the other students in her class, she was falling short in reading and math.
Operant conditioning is a kind of conditioning, which examines how often a behavior will or occur depending on the effects of the behavior (King, 2016, pg. ). The words positive and negative are used to apply more significance to the words reinforcement or punishment. Positive is adding to the stimulus, while negative is removing from the stimulus (King, 2016). For instance, with positive reinforcement, there is the addition of a factor to increase the number of times that the behavior occurs (King, 2016). An example of positive reinforcement is when a child is given an allowance for completing their household chores. The positive reinforcement is the allowance which helps to increase the behavior of doing chores at home. In contrast with negative
Skinner believed that all behavior is determined and operant behavior is the idea that operant behavior is the idea that we expect something because we preformed a certain behavior. Skinner also believed that operant conditioning’s purpose was to bring a change positive or or negative to any behavior.
Behavior modification is based on the principles of operant conditioning, which were developed by American behaviorist B.F. Skinner. In his research, he put a rat in a cage later known as the Skinner Box, in which the rat could receive a food pellet by pressing on a bar. The food reward acted as a reinforcement by strengthening the rat's bar-pressing behavior. Skinner studied how the rat's behavior changed in response to differing patterns of reinforcement. By studying the way the rats operated on their environment, Skinner formulated the concept of operant conditioning, through which behavior could be shaped by reinforcement or lack of it. Skinner considered his discovery applicable to a wide range of both human and animal behaviors(“Behavior,” 2001).
Operant conditioning is a system of learning that transpires through punishment and rewards for behaviors (Kalat, 2011). Through this, a connection linking a behavior and a consequence is made. For instance a kid could be told that she will not get recess privileges if she talks in class. This possibility of being punished leads to decrease in disruptive behaviors from her. The major components of operant condition are punishment and reinforcement (Kalat, 2011).
What is Skinner’s Operant Conditioning? Skinner was the first to discuss operant conditioning. McLead (2007) explained that an operant condition means that using reinforcements given after a desired response could change behavior. There were three types of responses that can follow the behavior. Neutral operants, reinforces, and punishers were the three types of responses. According to McLead (2007), Skinner invented a box with levers and lights to test his theory. He placed a hungry rat inside where the rat learned to press the levels for different responses. One level would give it a piece of food and the rat would not receive food when the light was off. This box demonstrated the shaping of behaviors through operant conditioning.
...ave found that if I allow the children to move at their own pace that our day goes smoothly. There are days that we may not get to a planned activity but we are always learning and growing daily. As the facilitator of the group my job is to show students where to look but not what to see (Alexandra K.Trenfor).
In operant conditioning, there is an association between an individual’s behavior and its consequence. A consequence can either be reinforcement or punishment (233). Positive and negative reinforcements will increase the behavior. When an individual is reinforced, they will continue to repeat the behavior to receive the reinforcement again. Punishment, on the other hand, will decrease the behavior. If an individual is punished after a particular behavior, they will behave that way less often to avoid the punishment.
The environment of the classroom is important because is a social place where children have to feel secure so they can become part of the lesson and for the lesson to succeed. The classroom is organized and the students are in their individual desks respectfully listening to the teachers lecture and following along. The students look
“Punishment is one of the most used, but least understood and badly administered, aspects of learning” (Luthans, 1977, pp.300). As mentioned earlier, punishment is anything which weakens behaviour and tends to decrease it in subsequent frequency. Positive punishment is the method of administering negative consequences upon the occurrence of an action whereas Negative punishment involves the termination of positive consequences. In order to work, either case must weaken and decrease the behaviour which preceded the application or withdrawal of the stimuli. Skinner (1953) stipulated that we must defy the urge to label a form of stimuli as “desired” or “undesired” as a whole but rather to identify them by their effect on the observed subject.
Every teacher must have a set of classroom routines and procedures to maintain order in the classroom. When entering the classroom, students will enter in a quiet manner. They will sit at their assigned desk and have all material ready to begin on required work. Once the bell rings and the door is closed, students will be seated and working. Tardiness is unacceptable and if the student receives more than three unexcused tardies per nine weeks, a referral will be given to the office and a phone call will be made the parent or guardian. Also, students should not be more than three minutes late to class. This will result in an automatic referral to the office.
During the first day of school, a variety of different students enter the classroom. These students are excited and nervous, they have their parents by their sides who are observing the classroom walls and arrangement. From the minute the students enter the classroom, students are observing the classroom environment and notice the everything. Everything in the classroom needs to have a purpose, but provide a pleasant environment. When preparing and organizing the classrooms, teachers need to consider the different variables that impact the classroom. Classrooms can be disorganized if the walls are cluttered and have no meaning The organizations of the desks, the wall decorations, and the seating arrangements significantly impact the physical environments. Students are like sponges, they soak up everything that surrounds them. In the article A comparison of actual and preferred classroom environments as perceived by middle school students in the Journal of School Health stated “studies have shown that classroom environments are closely related to a number of aspects of student
The quality of the classroom setting is one characteristic of school environment that promotes positive outcomes for students. The climate of the classroom is seen as a major determinant of the behaviour and learning of students. It contributes to the academic success of students and predicts the degree to which they participate in learning, how consistently they attend school, how attentive they are in class, how carefully they complete assignment and how committed they are to staying in school and doing well (Doll, 2014). The classroom is accepting, caring, respectful, the atmosphere is honest and the teacher is positive, actively motivate students to learn, expect that students will succeed in school and in life and use effective tea...
In contrast to classical conditioning, operant conditioning, discovered by B.F Skinner, is a learning process that involves either an increase or decrease in some behavior as a result of consequences (Amabile, 1985). Operant conditioning attempts to elicit new behavior through use of reinforcers and punishments.