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Impression management sociology
Impression formation theories
Impression formation theories
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The beauty halo effect is the principle that people with good looking are going to have a better life. According to the beauty halo effect, attractive people are automatically attributed with more qualities than unattractive people, they are attributed a notion of talent and are considered as more socially attractable and desirable. This paper is going to define more precisely what the beauty halo effect is. Then it will define what impression formation is and how the attractiveness halo effect can affect the first impression. Finally it will briefly explain what impression management, and finally explain the role of the beauty halo effect in impression formation and management.
The beauty halo effect has become a strong phenomenon in social psychology nowadays. The beauty halo effect can also be called “the physical attractiveness” stereotype and the “what is beautiful is good” principle (Lewis-Beck, Bryman and Liao, 2004). The halo effect makes reference to the tendency of people to better rate attractive people for their personality traits than the individuals that are qualified less attractive (Lewis-Beck, Bryman and Liao, 2004). The psychologist Edward Thorndike first wrote about the halo effect phenomenon in his paper The Constant Error in Psychological Ratings in 1920. He noticed in his work that “ratings were apparently affected by the tendency to think of a person in general as rather good or rather inferior and to color the judgments of the qualities by this general feelings” (Lachman and Bass, 2001). The halo effects explain the fact that early aspects influence the interpretation of later aspects (Forgas, 2011). Since the first definition of the halo effects made by Thorndike in 1920, this concept has been the subject...
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...mpression that others create on them, that is why in order to reach their wanted outcomes individuals will manage their presentation. In any interaction they have with others, people are concerned with they way they are perceived by the other persons (Leary and Allen, 2011). When people want to make a positive first impression they automatically tend to present the aspects of their personality that are the most in accordance with the image they want to provide of themselves (Leary and Allen, 2011). For instance, if a woman has a meeting with her male boss, she may manage her image to look serious, friendly, gentle, humorous and attractive in order to be perceived as competent, hard worker and responsible by her male boss (Leary and Allen, 2011). As beauty halo effect influence a lot the impression formation, it also considerably influences the impression management.
In the essay “What Meets the Eye”, Daniel Akst explains scientific facts about the beauty of men and women matters to people. He argues that attractive individuals receive attention, great social status, marries, and gets paid more on a job. One can disagree with Akst’s argument because anyone with the skills and knowledge, despite the appearance, can gain a decent relationship and can get paid well. Akst looks at beauty as if it can lead individuals to an amazing and successful life, but he is wrong. Nancy Mairs’ and Alice Walker’s views on beauty are explained internally and through self-confidence. Both women’s and Akst’s arguments on beauty share some similarities and differences in many ways, and an
on a scale from 1 to 3, the importance men gave to good looks rose from 1.50 to 2.11. But for women, the importance of good looks in men rose from 0.94 to 1.67. In other words, women in 1989 considered a man look’s more important than men considered women’s looks 50 years earlier
Moreover, there is a danger when a person has to deal with certain people, with whom it is necessary to be rude, harsh, and altogether not so nice as one can draw in the imagined portrait of their own personality. I know it from my life experience and can assert that such situations happen in real life. The only way out to deal with such disruptive people and their adverse influence on the self-esteem and self-evaluation is the development of a coherent sense of identity, which will be resistant to negative impact. These were two examples where both ideas can be helpful, namely those of being able to wear positive social masks and possess a consistent sense of self. In The Truth about Beauty, Amy Alkon presents convincing arguments for the necessity to pay attention to the fact that others perceive one’s personality.
One way this was done was by breaking down the meaning of “impression management” and dissecting its many interrelated components. Over time, impression management became synonymous with the term “self-presentation,” but in Impression Management: The Self-Concept, Social Identity, and Interpersonal Relations, Dr. Barry R. Schlenker distinguished impression management as the attempt to create an image for oneself in real or imagined social interactions, while self-presentation focuses solely on these created images being “self-relevant” (1980:6). This distinction helped separate the identities people hold for themselves among other identities they perceive in society, but may not necessarily belong to or identify with, such as the impressions and expectations a patient has of a
First impressions are created by a composite of signals given off by a new experience (Flora, 2004). The judgment of these impressions depends on the observer and the person being observed (Flora, 2004). When you meet someone for the first time it takes about three seconds to be evaluated by the observer (Mind Tools, 1996-2011,). During this time the person forms an opinion about you based on your appearance, your body language, your demeanor, and how you dress (Mind Tools, 2996-2011,). Impressions are important to us because they are impossible to be reserved and the set the tone for all the relationships that follow (Mind Tools, 1996-2011).
Impression management is a social phenomenon that occurs in our daily life both consciously and unconsciously. “It is the act of presenting a favorable public image of oneself so that others will form positive judgments.” (Newman 184) Our first impressions of a person are always based on physical appearance and we compare them to the norms of our society. We can all admit to the initial meeting of a person and first noticing their age, gender, race, or other ascribed characteristics. Our cultural norms are ideas such that fat is “ugly” which are very different across societies and time. Also, impression management is an idea of how individuals interact in different social situations. “Sociologists refer to dramaturgy as the study of social interactions as theater, in which people (“actors”) project images (“play roles”) in front of others (“the audience”).” (Newman 169) This is our human need for acceptance and way of managing the impressions we give others and perform what we think people want to see. Our social life is governed by this concept but it only works with effective front-stage and back-stage separation. Our front-stage is the visible part of ourselves that we allow others to see unlike our hidden back-stage self.
The findings from the experiments of current and past researchers bear considerable similarity to the findings of my own experiment conducted as primary research. While each experiment examined dealt with slightly different variables, each one was able to further support the hypothesis that one’s positive physical characteristics, such as nice dress, appearance, and a positive expression, will cause others to perceive one to have more positive traits such as trustworthiness and goodness. This is demonstrated first off in the Clark Doll Test, whose results showed that society can impress upon anyone goodness and badness related to a physical characteristic, such as race. Next, the 1984 voter manipulation experiment demonstrated
Burkley, M., Burkley, E., Stermer, S.P., Andrade, A., Bell C.A., & Curtis, J. (2014). The ugly duckling effect: Examining fiex versus malleable beliefs about beauty. Social Cognition. ,(32), 466-483.
First impressions determine the observer’s opinion about a person, which can result in a positive or negative connotation. The tone of voice one portrays or the attitude one exhibits towards a group allows others to determine if that person is fit enough to become a leader. The physical appearance one displays enables the group to assume one’s capabilities. A group decides their leader based on the physical appearance and attitude one presents rather than the internal qualities one possesses.
Physical appearance affects the personal development of individuals. An attractive physical appearance can attract lot of people. It makes them sociable and individuals are more courteous of them. For examples film stars have elegant looks. (Patzer, 2006).
How first impressions are formed has been a subject of interest by many researchers in the area of psychology.
The halo effect phenomenon is researched by Nisbett & Wilson (1977) and published in their experimental paper titled The Halo Effect: Evidence for Unconscious Alteration of Judgments and will be the main topic of this paper. The halo effect, also known as the physical attractiveness stereotype is a form of cognitive bias in which we assume that people who are physically attractive are also blessed with other appealing attributes such as kindness and intelligence. Limited information about the halo effect is known, and experiments conducted on the topic are even scarcer. This stereotype is portrayed to us at a young age through most Disney movies where we learn that if something is beautiful it is also good. A prime example is Cinderella and
Upon watching the YouTube video on the Halo Effect (The Halo Effect – Science of Attraction, 2010), I realized that my presentation of self is definitely affected by all three factors of body, beauty and fashion. The Halo Effect is defined as a cognitive bias that influences an observer’s overall perception of an individual, product, or company, which in turn affects the observer’s thoughts and feelings about the particular entities’ qualities and character (Long-Crowell). Thus, the impression that a person has a halo surrounding them is created. As seen in the video, when Dan repeats the script with two different tones, the audience reacts differently to what is said, generating assumptions based on their previous experiences encountered with similar individuals. Drawing from my own past experiences, I have subconsciously developed an understanding of what is expected of me during certain social interactions, and how “The Halo Effect” can influence one’s opinion of me. Therefore, this affects how I present myself, especially through the mediums of body beauty and fashion. For example, during my transition into university, the amount of people I knew were
There is no surprise that people who are considered to be generally and overall more attractive, pretty, beautiful or just plain hot get better treatment or opportunities than those who are less attractive, pretty, handsome, hot, etc. in comparison. Although there is the saying “beauty is in the eye of the beholder,” humans tend to subconsciously reward these people for their amazing facial features. Not only does the human brain want to physically reward these attractive people but it also wants to reward itself for simply looking at the attractive person.
Image is extremely important in society, where as much emphasis has been placed on the physical appearance as it is the easiest way to form an opinion about something or someone. Judgments and opinions are often placed on people based on how they look, act, dress, behave, or simply how someone presents themselves. Popular arenas where image has and continues to be influential, are in the schools, politics, and the media as well as many others. Putting forward a good image can be quite challenging for those people who are dominant public figures. Nevertheless, maintaining a good image for many people have been worthwhile as it provides them with opportunities, create relationships, business ventures etc.