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Body image and the effect on women
Body image affecting self esteem
Negative impact of body image
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Annotated bibliography
Abdelhalim, M. A., Chatterjee, S. (2012). The operative trauma workload in a plastic surgery tertiary referral centre in Scotland. Eur J Plast Surg, 35, 683-688.
Abdelhalim and Chatterjee, in a study conduct in 2012 collect data from a tertiary referral plastic surgery unit center. They examine operative trauma cases to determine procedures, mechanisms and sites of injury, as well as demographic of patients. The study has a comprehensive database that includes weekly logs all about trauma operations that are performed over the span of 7 years at 33 hospitals to be processed in a plastic surgery unit in Scotland. The article assess that the number of procedures depends on the complexity of the injuries. 66% of the injuries are located in the hand and forearm, and 17 % of these incidents resulted from fights and assault. Moreover, the patients are predominantly young males.
Word count: 118
Burkley, M., Burkley, E., Stermer, S.P., Andrade, A., Bell C.A., & Curtis, J. (2014). The ugly duckling effect: Examining fiex versus malleable beliefs about beauty. Social Cognition. ,(32), 466-483.
In this article, the
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The research conduct between July-August 2008 in South Australia. A hundred and eight women between 35-55 years complete a survey to measure the influence of body dissatisfaction, appearance investment, aging anxiety, and media exposure. They ask the participants to report their age, education level, weight and height, and about prior and future interest in cosmetic procedures, and they make a subscale for each factor to see how these factors influence the participants' attitudes. Researchers conclude that aging anxiety and body dissatisfaction are the most significant and positive predictors of cosmetic surgery. They assess also that media exposure provides a powerful acceptance of surgery to enhance
Tien, Homer. “The Canadian Forces trauma care system.” Canadian Journal of Surgery 54 (2011): 112-117.
Many people’s assumptions are driven by appearance but in some cases the appearance can be
...ters of the covers of women’s magazines include at least one message about how to change a woman’s body image by cosmetic surgery. These articles about appearance are damaging because it leads to seriously unhealthy lifestyles that women and teenagers think they need to look beautiful. In addition to that, Teen Magazine published in 2003 an article saying that children from age 6-12 have been on a diet and are now considering plastic surgery. Cosmetic surgery sends the message that the prejudices some people have about appearance are valid, which is very wrong.
It also pressures women to constantly try and strive towards this ‘beauty myth’ the media have constructed and make men’s expectations of women’s beauty unattainable, however this is how the media has represented women as for years, Bodyshockers and 10 Years Younger, are just two examples of this. To this extent cosmetic surgery could be considered to be an obligation rather than a choice due to how the media has represented this now normalized technology of science.
The media has had an increasingly destructive effect on young people who are becoming worryingly obsessed with their body image. The media is saturated in sexual imagery in which young people have to face every day. The sheer volume of sexual imagery in the media today has resulted in the vast majority of young people to become hooked on looking as near to perfection everyday by using the latest products and buying the latest fashions. This used to be enough but lately the next step to achieving perfection is cosmetic surgery. Everyone wants to look attractive, especially teenagers who are not only put under massive strain to succeed but to look beautiful and climb the ranks of the social ladder, and it seems that the only way to achieve the much desired beauty is to turn to drastic measures.
According to Discourse and Society “Cosmetic surgery needs to be seen as an important social practice because it merges the attention given to the body by an individual person with the values and priorities of the consumer society.” Younger generations are easily drawn to the hype that is presented by the media, and in turn look at themselves as imperfect, and seek to make changes to their body as a result.
The study will be investigating women’s pressure to be thin, as the dependent variable, and media pressure, socio-cultural influence, aging-related alarm in relation to appearance, perfectionism, body dissatisfaction, and stress and depression, as the independent variables. The surveys will be designed with open-ended questions to encourage the participants to provide full and meaningful responses concerning the research topic.
Plastic surgery is one of the most growing fields in medicine. Reconstructive surgery is one of the branches from plastic surgery and it is defined as surgeries performed to restore facial and body defects caused by a disease, trauma, burns, or birth defects (Nelson, 2010). When it first started, it focused on helping people who are having difficulty blending in society. For instance, during the Renaissance era, in the late 1700s, doctors worked on enhancing the appearance of patients suffering from the nose deformation caused by syphilis using plastic surgery. Enabling them to blend in society and cover the disease. Also, after World War I, because there were a large number of soldiers with disfiguring injuries, the United States of America relied on plastic surgeries to improve the life of wounded soldiers (Nelson, 2010). The other branch of plastic surgery is cosmetic surgery. This type of surgery is performed to preserve or restore normal appearances, or to enhance it beyond the average level (American Board of Cosmetic Surgery, 2014). For the last couple of years, Plastic surgery marketing has focused massively on cosmetic surgery procedures rather than reconstructive ones. This type of advertising is having negative effects on society by increasing the number of needless procedures, changing the true meaning of beauty, and harming females’ self-esteem.
Most of us don't like some aspect of our appearance, whether it's sagging eyes or excess weight in particular areas, to name a few complaints. Lately a record numbers of Americans are doing something about it by having plastic surgery. Since 1995, the number of cosmetic procedures, which range from liposuction to facelifts, has almost tripled (English 23). Is that a healthy choice-or a dangerous trend? Aging has become the field of the future for plastic surgeons whose patients have reasons not always valid in the search for youth and beauty.
There is a famous saying that states, “ we should not judge a book by its cover”, but oftentimes the first thing noticed on a person is their looks. One’s “physical beauty” strongly influences people’s first impressions of them. As a whole, we tend to assume that pretty people are more likeable and better people than those who are unattractive. Around the world, we believe that what is beautiful is good. There is a general consensus within a culture about what is considered physically appealing and beautiful. “Physical beauty” is associated with being more sociable, intelligent, and even socially skilled. Society shares this common notion of who has and who does not have “physical beauty”. Thus, “physical beauty”, as seen
Marcus, Miriam. “Ten Plastic Surgical Risks You Need To Know.” Forbes, n.p. 10 October 2007. Web. 17 February 2012.
Nowadays, since the number of procedures increases, cosmetic surgery has rapidly developed all over the world. According to an annual report of the American Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS) in 2015, the United States is the biggest market of cosmetic surgery in the world. Near 16 million cosmetic procedures were performed in the U.S. in 2015, with the five most common surgeries being breast augmentation, nose reshaping, eyelid surgery, liposuction and tummy tuck (“Plastic Surgery Procedures”).
The halo effect phenomenon is researched by Nisbett & Wilson (1977) and published in their experimental paper titled The Halo Effect: Evidence for Unconscious Alteration of Judgments and will be the main topic of this paper. The halo effect, also known as the physical attractiveness stereotype is a form of cognitive bias in which we assume that people who are physically attractive are also blessed with other appealing attributes such as kindness and intelligence. Limited information about the halo effect is known, and experiments conducted on the topic are even scarcer. This stereotype is portrayed to us at a young age through most Disney movies where we learn that if something is beautiful it is also good. A prime example is Cinderella and
Straight teeth, wrinkle-free skin, a super thin body and a perfect nose; these are just some of the many beauty standards that exist in society today. From rhinoplasty to Botox injections, cosmetic enhancement has become an increasingly common option to attempt to boost self-concept for many. What began as a taboo subject remains now not only acceptable, but a widespread trend that continues to grow. According to the ASPS, the total number of cosmetic procedures rose from 14,690,110 in 2012 to an astounding 15,116,353 in 2013. The continuous rise in aesthetic procedures results from poor self-image influenced by the false beauty standards projected by the media.
Ugly Andersen “Life itself is the most wonderful fairytale” – Hans Christian Andersen. In the fairytale, “The Ugly Duckling”, the author, Hans Christian Andersen, illustrates the character of the ugly duckling as one who struggles with unaccepting characters in his life, even his own family because of his appearance. Just like the duckling, Andersen, an outsider himself, lived a life of unacceptance by his peers. Through his writing, Andersen portrays his own personal life experiences as an outcast. Hans Christian Andersen acquires a history of inserting himself into his own works.