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Body image and the effect on women
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Andryanna Sheppard
Moffatt
BIOL 330: Human Sexuality
9 April 2014
Rewarding for Beauty
There is no surprise that people who are considered to be generally and overall more attractive, pretty, beautiful or just plain hot get better treatment or opportunities than those who are less attractive, pretty, handsome, hot, etc. in comparison. Although there is the saying “beauty is in the eye of the beholder,” humans tend to subconsciously reward these people for their amazing facial features. Not only does the human brain want to physically reward these attractive people but it also wants to reward itself for simply looking at the attractive person.
When one sees someone that is, in one’s mind, extremely attractive, they want to continue to look at the attractive person, face, body, etc. According to a popular press article, human beings “apparently seek out the more attractive people because our brains give us a pat on the proverbial back when we lock eyes with” someone with a more aesthetically pleasing face (Lucas, 2014). One likes to continue looking at that person, face, body, etc. because one’s brain makes one feel better about viewing that person’s attractive face, body, etc.
An experiment was done and reported in Molecular Psychiatry discussing how and why the human brain rewards itself for looking at someone it considers to be attractive. It is agreed that individuals who are considered more attractive are honored and judged in a more positive manner further reflecting the idea that ‘beautiful is good.’ (Chelnokova, 2014). The reason for this is beautiful faces get processed by the limbic reward system, which contain “high density of μ-opioid receptors, which have an important role in affiliation and attachment.” (Chelnokova...
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...system and how it accurately contributes to this fact. Although technically the information mentioned in the Nerve.com article was accurate, its accuracy could have been further supported with information on the opioid system in terms and the language that the average, everyday person can understand.
References
Chelnokova, O., Laeng, B., Eikemo, M., Riegels, J., Løseth, G., Maurud, H., et al.
(2014). Rewards of beauty: the opioid system mediates social motivation in humans. Molecular Psychiatry,1-2. Retrieved March 1, 2014, from http://www.sv.uio.no/psi/english/people/aca/sirigra/chelnokova_rewardsofbeauty_2014.pdf
Lucas, J. (2014, February 11). Your Brain Rewards You for Looking at Attractive People
So Here Are 20 of Them. Nerve.com. Retrieved March 3, 2014, from http://www.nerve.com/love-sex/your-brain-rewards-you-for-looking-at-attractive-people-so-here-are-20
In the essay “What Meets the Eye”, Daniel Akst explains scientific facts about the beauty of men and women matters to people. He argues that attractive individuals receive attention, great social status, marries, and gets paid more on a job. One can disagree with Akst’s argument because anyone with the skills and knowledge, despite the appearance, can gain a decent relationship and can get paid well. Akst looks at beauty as if it can lead individuals to an amazing and successful life, but he is wrong. Nancy Mairs’ and Alice Walker’s views on beauty are explained internally and through self-confidence. Both women’s and Akst’s arguments on beauty share some similarities and differences in many ways, and an
know beauty in any form”(86). We are so conditioned to see female beauty as what men
The seemingly endless cycle of addiction is said to be caused by the absence of natural anesthetics. Gabor Maté, a physician working for a non-profit harm-reduction facility, describes addictions as pain numbing substitutes. Addictions provide comfort to individuals who previously experienced deficient amounts of the pleasure neurotransmitter, dopamine. Additionally, stress, unhappiness, and the desire for a warm hug, causes individuals to resort to the consequential savior of drugs and alcohol. The inability to manage pain and mood is directly related to the amount of endorphins individuals produce within their body. As stated in Maté’s article Embraced by the Needle (2016), “endorphins are released when there are warm, non-stressed, calm
Facial symmetry is also linked to agreeableness, extraversion and conscientiousness, so good-looking people generally find it easier to make friends and hold down jobs. Attractive people are most likely to succeed because some companies are looking for models to be on the cover of their magazines. They are always making money just to be on the cover of a book that people always complain about and they would just say that should I try this product do you think it will help my stubborn fat and try to lose it by taking this daily with food or water. Researchers say that they can tell if people are attractive or unattractive because they watch guys looking at women and giving facial expressions to tell the other person what they think about the girl or girls.
The scientific definition of love is "having stimulation that one desires" (5). Recent research by two British neurologists concludes that love is linked to certain brain activities. By conducting tests using a magnetic resonance imager, the scientists measured brain activity in 17 people while they were viewing a picture of their loved one, and while they were viewing a photo of a friend of the same sex as their lover. When the individuals see the picture of the person they love, clear activity occurs in four regions of the brain that were not active when the image of the friend was present. The media insula, which is responsible for instinctual feelings, and the anterior cingulate, which acts in response to euphoria-inducing drugs, such as cocaine, are the two areas of the cortex stimulated by pictures of a lover. The striatum, that is activated when we are rewarded and the prefrontal cortex also increase their activity when shown the same picture.
Most of the time in our society, we judge the people by their appearance. The important thing that most of the attractive people should know is that no one chose to be born ugly or not. Being attractive doesn't mean being physical looks good. Also, we need to consider that sometimes the most attractive people have the worst manners ever. Usually, they are smugglers and have bad behaviors. But we have to admit that we made that mistake. We have given value to the beauty and neglected morality. For me, appearance is not everything, because if I am communicating with somebody, I need him to be respectful to me, as I am respectful to him. I am not saying that the attractive people disrespectful, but a lot of them have sick thoughts. They think
According to recent research, there have been people who have found that this effect can be present in the media. Reporters and journalist are more likely to report the news of attractive people rather than no eyed-catching people. The article “Better-Looking Politicians Get More Media Coverage” published by ScienceDaily explains and presents the results of these studies, which have been performed by the University of Haifa’s Department of Communication. The results of these researchers have shown that better-looking, political tenure, seniority and army rank get higher frequency of TV news coverage. With this statement, we can infer that not only the appearance counts, but also what kind of people merit respect for inhabitants inside the society.
Vasopressin has long been implicated in the memory of faces and is thus useful for research on recall and recognition of faces. Because of the role vasopressin plays in relationships, it is important to consider its value in affecting romantic relationships and perception of romantic partner's faces. In a study by Thompson and colleagues (2004) researchers looked at how vasopressin administration affects responses to happy, angry and neutral faces in terms of attention, and arousal and physiological measures like corrugator supercilii electromyograms (EMG), heart rate and skin conductance (Thompson, Gupta, Miller, Mills, & Orr, 2004). This was based on previous experiments with the effect of oxytocin on facial perception. Neutral faces were found to elicit higher responses in the EMG. They argued that because the faces were ambiguous having been taken from Paul Ekman's series of faces, vasopressin may have lead participants to view those neutral faces in a more aggressive way causing that increased EMG response. This study demonstrates that there is a link between vasopressin and facial recognition responses and further studies have added on to this. In a follow up study in 2006, they looked at vasopressin effects on perception of friendliness for both men and women on pictures of same sex faces. They found that the results of vasopressin depended on the gender as women were friendlier when presented with same sex faces (Thompson, George, Walton, Orr, & Benson, 2006). Interestingly, they did not repeat the study to see the effect of vasopressin between both sexes seeing opposite sex pictures. In men, however, the familiarity of the romantic partner when combined with insecurity would decrease the per...
Meyer, M. L., Berkman, E. T., Karremans, J. C., & Lieberman, M. D. (2011). Incidental regulation of attraction: The neural basis of the derogation of attractive alternatives in romantic relationships. Cognition & Emotion, 25(3), 490-505. doi:10.1080/02699931.2010.527494
Love is an intense attraction one has over another person. Finding love is often a long extensive journey which most humans crave. Once someone falls in love, their decision making is often altered as well how their brain reacts to certain situations. The chapter “Chemistry of Love: Scanning the Brain in Love” by Helen Fisher goes in detail about which specific chemicals in a human’s brain are triggered when an individual has fallen in romantic love. A project that was started in 1996 by Fisher, was used to gather enough data to connect patterns between what is going on in the brain when someone is falling in love. Fisher focused her investigation on three chemicals: dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin. While Fisher found many compelling discoveries in her experiment, I was most fascinated by the effect that simply looking at a picture of the person you love has on a person. Fisher wanted to test if viewing the picture evoked a great
...iful with more extreme features. Symmetry, expressions, gaze direction, familiarity, averageness, and youthfulness can all play enormous factors in how attractive a person is perceived as. “This demonstrates the incredible sophistication of the mechanisms and processes that are involved in face perception.” (Jones, B. C., DeBruine, L. M., Little, A. C., Conway, C. A. & Feinberg, D. R.(2006).)
The definition of beauty is varying among different people in the world. Even though almost everyone knows the term beauty, many people are struggling in defining it and persuading others to agree with their opinions. Beauty is defined by a combination of qualities existent in a person or thing that fulfills the aesthetic feels or brings about profound gratification. Many people define beauty as a term to describe a person’s physical appearance; they often think that beauty comes from magazines, video girls, or even models. Although the term beauty can define a person’s physical appearance, true beauty lies in the way one acts and thinks rather than the way one look.
Another function of smiling is that it makes us more attractive. For which science has identified part of the reason for a great smile to be its attractiveness. A recent fMRI study found that looking at attractive faces activated the brain’s orbitofrontal cortex, a region involved in processing sensory rewards. “The presence of a smile may provide an important
The Journal of Neuroscience Dobler-Mikola, A. Gschwed, P. Gutzwiller, F. Steffen, T. Rehm, J. Uch engagen, A. Feasibility, Safety, and Efficacy of Injectable Heroin Prescription for Refractory Opioid Addicts: a follow-up study. The Lancet, volume 358, pg. 1417-1420. Everitt, B. Robbins, T. (1999) Drug addiction: bad habits add up. Macmillian Magazines, volume 389, pg.
While physical appearance and attractiveness is a life advantage and has a fundamental significance in interpersonal attraction, it is not the most important factor. People can be found physically attractive for reasons such as face-symmetry, good health and characteristic of high fertility as mentioned earlier. Positively we tend to perceive physically attractive people are kinder, more competent and of a higher class or importance. Negatively we may find them intimidating, materialistic or ego-centric (lecture slides). We generally choose partners of the same “level” of physical attraction to us and sometimes who even look similar to