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John f kennedy civil rights act of 1964
Black power movement
Black power movement
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During the American 1960s, the fight for rights and freedom that should be guaranteed was predominant. Some of these groups were the African Americans fighting for civil rights, Homosexuals contending for Gay rights, and women determined to gain liberation. African Americans continually fought for freedom from the severe racism and restriction of rights before the 1960s, but that culminated in the decade. Events in the 60s helped give a rise to the Black Power movement by giving African Americans a “new mood” about their treatment from their oppressors. In April of 1964, African American attempted to convene into a political party, the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party, to try to represent blacks, going through potential harm and the loss of jobs in order to do so. Unfortunately, when this political party was received at the Democratic National Convention they only received two seats and what they considered a “back of the bus offer”. Through further boycotting—the Montgomery Bus Boycott, for example—and the March on Washington. Both of these types of protest helped African Americans gain the winning Civil Rights Act of 1964. Gays and Lesbians also went through a contentious time during the 1960s. This began with a routine police raid at the Stonewall, a bar that gays frequented. During this raid, they men refused to be arrested and sent to prison, and they began a riot in the streets. This riot became a three day rebellion that had gay men flaunting their homosexuality in Sheridan Square for all to behold. This “coming out” helped the Gay Rights movement because it “initiated self-defense and political activity”, bringing more attention to the matter. Organizations like the Gay Liberation Front attempted to connect the s... ... middle of paper ... ...tory of the American Radical Tradition, ed. Timothy Patrick McCarthy and John McMillian (New York: The New Press, 2011), 569. Carl Wittman, "Refugees From Amerika: A Gay Manifesto (1970)," The Radical Reader: A Documentary History of the American Radical Tradition, ed. Timothy Patrick McCarthy and John McMillian (New York: The New Press, 2011), 583. The Radical Reader: A Documentary History of the American Radical Tradition, ed. Timothy Patrick McCarthy and John McMillian (New York: The New Press, 2011), 573. The Radical Reader: A Documentary History of the American Radical Tradition, ed. Timothy Patrick McCarthy and John McMillian (New York: The New Press, 2011), 584. Eric Foner, The Story of American Freedom, (New York: W.W. Norton & Company Ltd., 1999), 294-95. Eric Foner, The Story of American Freedom, (New York: W.W. Norton & Company Ltd., 1999), 296.
In Eric Foner’s book, The Story of American Freedom, he writes a historical monograph about how liberty came to be. In the book, his argument does not focus on one fixed definition of freedom like others are tempted to do. Unlike others, Foner describes liberty as an ever changing entity; its definition is fluid and does not change in a linear progress. While others portray liberty as a pre-determined concept and gradually getting better, Foner argues the very history of liberty is constantly reshaping the definition of liberty, itself. Essentially, the multiple and conflicting views on liberty has always been a “terrain of conflict” and has changed in time (Foner xv).
“If we measure the radicalism of revolutions by the degree of social misery or economic deprivation suffered, or by the number of people killed or manor houses burned, then this conventional emphasis on the conservatism of the American Revolution becomes true enough. B...
Schrecker, Ellen. Many Are the Crimes: McCarthyism in America. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1998.
Foner, Eric. "Chapter 9." Give Me Liberty!: An American History. Brief Third ed. Vol. One. New York: W.W. Norton, 2012. N. pag. Print.
Schrecker, Ellen. The Age of McCarthyism: A Brief History with Documents. Boston: Bedford of St. Martin's, 1994. Print.
Bloom, Alexander, and Wini Breines. "Takin' It to the Streets": A Sixties Reader. 3rd ed. New York: Oxford UP, 2011. Print.
Foner, E. (2008). Give me Liberty: An American History. New York, Ny: WW. Norton &
Wells, Ida B. “Crusade for Justice.” Voices of Freedom: a documentary history, edited by Eric Foner—3rd ed. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2011
... Equality, to organize the Freedom Simmer of 1964. Over sixty thousand newly registered African American voters aligned with a new party, the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP). The MFDP sent their own delegates to the Democratic National Convention, but president Lyden Johnson prevented any televison coverage of the MFDP delegates. As a resutlt, no members of the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party were elected, but “...their presence and the moral strength of their argument impacted national politics” (“Freedom Summer”). Preventing African Americans from exercsising their right to vote was one of the many problemd faced during they encountered during the Civil Rights Movement. Even so, they knew it was imparitive to get the African Americans vote counted, because only then would true social and polical change occur.
Scott, James C. Domination and the Arts of Resistance: Hidden Transcripts. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990.
30.) Foner, Eric. Give Me Liberty! An American History. 4th ed. (W.W. Norton, 2012), 599.
Johnson, Gerald White. "Chapter Seven: The Colonies Fight." In America Is Born, 196-240. Morrow, 1959.
An era of bigotry, racism, and conformity promoted a period of rebellion, protest, and activism beginning in the 1960s. The African American civil rights movement gained massive support in the 1960s (1). The anti-war hippie movement followed soon after, attracting attention from across the country (2). Lastly, activism for gay rights rose substantially during the 1960s (3). The leaders who have first garnered the support for the cause primarily drove the momentum needed to successfully implement the legislative initiatives that each civil rights group called and protested for.
Lakoff, George. "Introduction: In the Name of Freedom.” Whose Freedom? : The Battle over America's Most Important Idea. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2006. 3-9. Print
Leary, Timothy. "Evolution of Countercultures." CyberReader. Ed. Victor Vitanza. Mass: Allyn & Bacon, 1996. 364.