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Colonialism and its effect
Colonialism and capitalism
Colonialism and its effect
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Colonialism, as Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society mentions, is “the expansion of a sovereign nation to other territories and sovereign nations. The colonizing nations exercise administrative, political, cultural, military, and socioeconomic power over the indigenous population in the colonized lands” (Schaefer 317). That is, colonialism itself involves not only the occupation of a place but also the rule over the local people. Schaefer further adds that “[t]he development of the European colonial project since the 16th century coincide[s] with the development of the concept of racism and ethnocentrism, as well as theory of Social Darwinism ” (317). With the belief of white supremacy and European pre-eminence, Europeans reckon that they have authority to take the action of colonialism.
According to Chris Tiffin and Alan Lawson in De-Scribing Empire: Post-Colonialism and Textuality, “[c]olonialism (like its counterpart,
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All knowledge, once applied to the real world, has real effects, and in that sense at least, ‘becomes true’” (76). When Stuart Hall refers to “become true”, it suggests that knowledge is not the truth at all; however, through power, those unreal(to match not the truth) things can disguise themselves in the appearance of knowledge. Moreover, by claiming unrealities are real with power, people would believe. In this way, knowledge has lost its reliability and become questionable. Ashcroft and Ahluwalia in Edward Said name a particular term “social knowledge” (63) to indicate this knowledge. In addition, they assert that discourse, in Foucauldian perception, “is a firmly bounded area of social knowledge, a system of statements within which the world can be known”
Post-colonialism is a discourse draped in history. In one point in time or another, European colonialism dominated most non-European lands since the end of the Renaissance. Naturally, colonialists depicted the cultures of non-Europeans incorrectly and inferior. Traditionally, the canon has misappropriated and misrepresented these cultures, but also the Western academia has yet to teach us the valuable and basic lessons that allow true representations to develop. Partly in response, Post-colonialism arose. Though this term is a broad one, Post-colonialists generally agree on certain key principles. They understand that colonialism exploits the dominated people or country in one way or another, evoking inequalities. Examples of past inequalities include “genocide, economic exploitation, cultural decimation and political exclusion…” (Loomba 9-10). They abhor traditional colonialism but also believe that every people, through the context of their own cultures, have something to contribute to our understanding of human nature (Loomba 1-20). This is the theme that Lewis prescribes in his, self described, “satirical fantasy”, Out of the Silent Planet (Of Other 77).
Colonial ideology is the idea of racial and cultural hierarchy. In Aimé Césaire, A Tempest, the introduction defines colonial ideology as “how the circulation of colonial ideology-an ideology of racial and cultural hierarchy” (Kelley xi). Colonial ideology is the belief that the white man society and culture is dominant to all others. Colonial ideology is a way to put one set of a beliefs on a pedestal, while debunking and degrading others.
Colonialism is done through imperialism, which is defined as “the political, military, or economic domination of one country over another” (Encarta). This is the highlighted them in both the Avatar and Tarzan
In history, Europeans have been known to colonize many parts of the world. The Europeans were so spanned across the globe that the notion that the “sun never sets on the British Empire” was inevitably true. However, this leads to the questioning, what motivated the Europeans to colonize such a vast amount of countries? In the documentary video, “First Contact,” three white men stumble across thousands of natives in a foreign land and eventually colonize the native’s land. This concept of white men colonizing natives is the foundation for colonialism. But the question remains, why were these men compelled to colonize these natives? In the two articles, “Body Rituals of Nacirema” by Miner Horace and “Geographical Basis of World History” by Hegel
Introduction: The epoch of imperialism cannot be defined simply as a proliferation of inflated egos tied to the hardened opinions of nationalists, but also a multi-faceted global rivalry with roots of philosophies tainted with racism and social Darwinism. The technique of each imperialist was specific to the motivations and desires of each combative, predominantly Western power and subsequently impacted the success of each imperialist and its colonies. Driven by industrialization, Europeans are aware of the urgent need for raw materials and new markets to maintain a constant rate of expansion and wealth. Imperialism became a competition; in general, the European countries led with fervor while the non-Western regions deemed likely to be stepped on.
‘We are subjected to the production of truth through power and we cannot exercise power except through the production of truth’ (Foucault, Pg. 93).
Knowledge is defined as information and skills one acquires through experience or education. There is; however, a certain knowledge than cannot be certain and is unjustifiable from the scientific perspective. Karen Armstrong, Robert Thurman, and Azar Nafisi wrote about this type of knowledge in their essays: “Homo Religiosus,” “Wisdom,” and “Reading Lolita in Tehran,” respectively. Each of these authors has a different view of what knowledge is exactly, how it can be achieved, and what it means to have achieved it, but each author takes on the view that the concept of knowledge should be viewed from a social stance. Armstrong refers to this uncertain knowledge as “myth,” Thurman refers to it as “wisdom,” and Nafisi refers to it as “upsilamba";
Imperialism is the extending of a country’s power and influence through diplomacy or military power to gain profit and promote nationalism. J. H. Patterson’s memoir, The Man-Eaters of Tsavo, demonstrates these Eurocentric views by criticizing the differences between the Britain and Africa. Britain’s industrialization led to its “mission to civilize.” Britain believed that other countries should aspire to be as civilized. This concept, the “White Man’s Burden,” turned into racism; Europeans assumed that nations outside of Europe consisted of primitive people. Patterson’s memoir expresses the superior position taken by the British regarding colonization and non-British people through his judgment
Colonialism has plagued indigenous people worldwide and has spelled disaster for countless cultures, languages, and traditions. Over the past 500 years there have been different phases of colonization in Africa as well as other various parts of earth. There were many reasons behind exploration and colonization including economic and tactical reasons, religion, and prestige. Colonialism has shaped the contemporary understanding of individuals from Niger as well as other parts of Africa and other places too, like the Chambri and Tlingit people; mainly in economics. Because of the colonial past of so many cultures, numerous indigenous people today face many issues. Today colonialism is still active, known as Neocolonialism, which has devastating effects on global cultural groups.
Introduction Michel Foucault and Erving Goffman’s work was centralised around two different concepts of how your identity is formed through the process of power and expert knowledge. This Essay will discuss the ideas of Michel Foucault, a French Social Theorist. His theories addressed the relationship between power and knowledge and how both of these are used as a form of social control through society. The essay will look at Foucault’s work in The Body and Sexuality, Madness and Civilisation and Discipline and Punish, which displays how he conceptualised power and identity on a Marxist and macro basis of study. The Essay will also address the Ideas of Erving Goffman, a Canadian Born Sociologist who’s key study was what he termed as interactional order, that is how the functions of ritual and order of every individual member of society, in everyday life, interact to form social order.
Sarah Snyder Professor Feola Gov’t 416: Critical Theory Assignment #2 On Foucault, “Truth and Juridical Forms” Michel Foucault may be regarded as the most influential twentieth-century philosopher on the history of systems of thought. His theories focus on the relationship between power and knowledge, and how such may be used as a form of social control through institutions in society. In “Truth and Juridical Forms,” Foucault addresses the development of the nineteenth-century penal regime, which completely transformed the operation of the traditional penal justice system.
...argues here that through critique one can find cracks in the power-knowledge relationship. At this point the public will be able to ask the question “how not to be governed like that”?
Knowledge is rarely considered permanent, because it is constantly changing and adapting as time passes and new discoveries are made. This title roughly translates into the question: to what extent is knowledge provisional? In other words, to what extent does knowledge exist for the present, possibly to be changed in the future? At first glance, one’s mind would immediately stray to the natural sciences, and how theories are constantly being challenged, disproven, and discarded. Because of this, one might be under the impression that knowledge is always provisional because there is always room for improvement; however, there are some cases in which this is not true. There are plenty of ideas and theories that have withstood the test of time, but on the other end of the spectrum there are many that have not. This essay will evaluate the extent to which knowledge is provisional in the areas of the human sciences and history.
International law does not provide a single definition of colonialism, however, the terms used in the Declaration on Colonialism provide that a set of circumstances may be categorized as colonial if the cumulative acts effectively annex or otherwise illegally maintain authority over territory and thus denies its population the right to exercise self-determination.
Colonialism was a concept of superiority of one territory over another; it was a concept that originated centuries ago. Colonialism had been put into action throughout a long line of history and did not end after World War II in 1945. Even with resistance and efforts from independent states after the war, colonialism did not disappear and continued as a dominant system. It remained and changed its form, resulted in the process of globalization, which continued to control over newly independent states following World War II. Globalization, a form of colonialism, maintained power for the system over states or regions through economic terms with the development of the World Bank, and its derivation of structural adjustments. This financial institution was formed and contributed to colonialism; it assisted in the economic affairs of colonized nation(s). Along with class, professor Manfred B. Steger's book, Globalization: A Very Short Introduction, and I.B. Logan and Kidane Mengisteab's article, "IMF – World Bank Adjustment and Structural Transformation in Sub-Saharan Africa," discussed the indirect rule of colonial powers through globalization.