Structural Analysis of Aircraft Structures
Introduction
Aircrafts are usually built from components like wings, fuselages, tail units, engines, flight controls surfaces, stabilizers, main rotor assembly, tail rotor assembly and landing gears with a very few exceptions as per design. Each component has one or more categorical functions and must be designed to ascertain that it can carry out these functions safely. A fixed wing aircraft possesses wings, fuselages, engines, flight controls surfaces, stabilizers and landing gears and a rotary wing aircraft possess main rotor assembly, tail rotor assembly, fuselages, engines and landing gears. A good aircraft structure is one which provides all the strength and rigidity to sanction the aircraft to meet all its design requisites, but which weighs no more than indispensable.
The important factors to be take into consideration in aircraft structures are strength, weight and reliability which determine the requisites to be met by any material used in construction or repair of the aircraft. Airframes must be light in weight and strong. All materials used in construction of an aircraft must be reliable. Reliability minimizes the possibility of hazardous and unexpected failures. Many forces and structural stresses act on an aircraft when in flight and on ground. When it on ground, the force of gravity engenders weight, which is fortified by the landing gear. The landing gear absorbs the forces imposed on the aircraft by takeoffs and landings. Any maneuver that causes acceleration or deceleration during flight increases the forces and stresses on the wings and fuselage. Stresses that act on the wings, fuselage and landing gears are tension, compression, bending, shear and torsion. The stres...
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...) stress resultants is computed for a given shell gauge pressure which is generally 12 psig. For the fuselage, the longitudinal bending moment distributions are examined from three load cases. Loads are computed for a quasi-static pull-up maneuver, a landing maneuver, and travel over runway bumps. There are a variety of structural geometries available for the fuselage. There is a simply stiffened shell concept utilizing longitudinal frames. There are three concepts with Z-stiffened shells and longitudinal frames; one with structural material proportioned to give minimum weight in buckling, one with buckling efficiency compromised to give lighter weight in minimum gage, and one a buckling pressure compromise. Similarly, there are three truss-core sandwich designs, two for minimal weight in buckling with and without frames, and one a buckling-minimum gage compromise.
Debunking the 9/11 Myths: Special Report - The Planes - Popularmechanics.com. (n.d.). Automotive Care, Home Improvement, Tools, DIY Tips - Popularmechanics.com. Retrieved April 26, 2010, from http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/military/news/debunking-911-myths-planes
In its design of the Comet, De Havilland used two nonstandard design techniques that contributed significantly to the aircraft failures. The first was that the company heavily employed Redux metal-to-metal bonding in which a strong, light aluminum alloy was fixed to the frame of the aircraft with a very strong adhesive during the Redux process. The engineers based their decision to use that technique primarily on the fact that the Comet’s initial design had a large weight and that its four Ghost engines, also built by De Havilland, could not support it with their thrust.
Many people are amazed with the flight of an object, especially one the size of an airplane, but they do not realize how much physics plays a role in this amazing incident. There are many different ways in which physics aids the flight of an aircraft. In the following few paragraphs some of the many ways will be described so that you, the reader, will realize physics at work in the world of flight.
Boeing 787 Dreamliner was first announced to the public in January 2003 with approximated costs of five billion dollars , since the sales of the aircraft were high it was supposed to enter commercial service during 2008 but the building up of aircraft seemed more anticipated than expected , since the management decided to use composite materials as an alternative for traditional metals as composite materials are lighter , stronger , cheaper and also resistance to wild variety of chemical agents including acid rain and salt spray as these are the conditions under which metals suffer , Boeing also shared their views in development of air craft with suppliers which effected in a project significantly more anticipated than expected . More than three years later after the project exceeded the estimated budget at last 787 entered commercial service in September 2011.
The aerospace industry is fairly new in our day in age. It has been recorded in history that the first flight ever by man took place in Kitty Hawk, NC roughly 100 years ago. Since that first model, drastic improvements have been made in aerospace technology. Aerospace has evolved from simple prop planes to sound barrier breaking jets and even to space shuttles. The very definition of aerospace in the adjective or active form is “of or relating to aerospace, to vehicles used in aerospace or the manufacture of such vehicles, or to travel in aerospace.” In general, aerospace deals with any dynamic manufactured vehicle that travels above the surface of the earth. This, as you might expect, leaves two possibilities, the atmosphere or our earth, and outer space. Such basic examples of aerospace vehicles are Cessna planes, Black Hawk helicopters, Goodyear blimps and the Columbia Space Shuttle. Throughout the 20th century and into the 21st, aerospace has and will continue to be an integrated part of our society.
The essential components of an airplane are a wing system to sustain it in flight, tail surfaces to stabilize the wing, movable surfaces (ailerons, elevators, and rudders) to control the attitude of the machine in flight, and a power plant to provide the thrust to push the craft through the air.
The Boeing aircraft company has a long history for creating commercial and military aircraft that are used throughout the world. It is considered to be the most prevalent aerospace company in existence today and employs thousands of workers in many different countries. Throughout its history, Boeing has produced some of the most popular aircraft known today. Possibly the most notable being the 747, which when first revealed was the largest commercial aircraft in existence. Other companies often benefit from Boeing’s existence, one example being General Electric, which supplies engines for aircraft such as the 777. It is also a major defense contractor for the United States military, often competing against rivals like Lockheed Martin.
The aviation industry is very difficult to enter, and the threat of new entrants is low. The first and major threat to entry is the initial capital requirements. The development period is over 5 years, with very large initial investment costs, parts costs, and wages are necessary even before the company earn revenues and sell aircrafts. The economies of scale, when the airline company has a substantial order, there are reduction in cost because of discounts on large orders. The new entrant suffers a significant cost, which is a disadvantage compared to established companies. Another risk for the new entrant, the extra supply of products for the substantial order, will decrease prices. The result, the new entrant will
More cost-effective modes of space transportation are necessary to make further exploration possible. One new, cost effective design is the aerospace plane. These spacecraft are totally reusable and can take off and land like a normal plane (Booth 80). Anything reusable cuts costs. Many commercial spaceflight companies are interested in this design because so much money can be saved.
When it comes to structural failure due to the collapse of a component, or a group of them, it refers to the deficiency of the part to withstand the stress of the workload for which it is designed. The components which an airplane is made of, are individually selected and thoroughly tested by manufacturers in such a way as to ensure safety standards of exceptional level.
The purposes of Cessna 152 are reliable, durable, economical and performance for training. To satisfy that purposes, Cessna 152 designed with all strong metals but light. The aircraft fuselage is semi-monocoque design with conventional formed sheet metal bulkhead, stringer, and skin. The wings are externally braced with a13 gallons gas tank in each side of the wing. The front and rear spar of the wing constructed with formed sheet metal ribs, doublers and stringer. In each wings attacked conventional hinged ailerons and single-slotted flaps that can extended 0 degrees to 30 degrees. Each wing is balanced to each other. With the heavy engine in the front, the tail must weight balance to the front. Therefore, the empennage, tail assembly, are designed with longer length consists of a conventional vertical stabilizer, rudder, horizontal stabilizer and elevator. For the strength and duration purpose, the entire empennage control surfaces are mostly formed with sheet metal ribs and reinforcement, a wrap around skin panel, sheet metal ribs and stiffeners.
I have been the head aviation department manager of First North Bank since 1985. This bank has branches in Waterloo, IA; Springfield, MO; Fayetteville, AK; and Colorado Springs, CO. For the past 12 years the company has been operating an eight passenger King Air B-200 that currently has 2500 flying hours on the frame.
This term paper reviews the three most common catagories of aviation accident causes and factors. The causes and factors that will be discussed are human performance, environmental, and the aircraft itself. Although flying is one of the safest means of transportation, accidents do happen. It is the investigators job to determine why the accident happened, and who or what was at fault. In the event of an accident, either one or all of these factors will be determined as the cause of the accident. Also discussed will be one of the most tradgic plane crashes in aviation history and the human factors involved.
Design Features of Aircrafts This assignment report is entirely the original work of the author except for the sources and extracts listed in the bibliography at the back of this document. All direct quotes are enclosed within quotation marks and attributed to the source material, including the page number, directly afterwards. Signature Date [IMAGE] [IMAGE] ADVANCED ENGINEERING GROUP Royal Air Force Cosford Albrighton WOLVERHAMPTON West Midlands WV7 3EX Tel: (01902) 372393 DFTS: 95561 Ext 7743 BTEC HIGHER NATIONAL CERTIFICATE IN ENGINEERING Course No 1247/1
In this paper aircraft drag is considerably reduced by a design and change in deflection of wing even with the increase in speed of aircraft. Aircraft drag depends on the aspect ratio of the wing, thus by reducing the surface area and twisting the wing about its vertical axis (pivoted axis) to a particular angle without compromising the lift force generated, the drag force was considerably reduced. As a result a speed of 0.3 mach was raised to 1.2 mach experimentally non-symmetrical wing of various length nearer to 1m is designed, analyzed and deflected from its pivoted section, drag produced around the wing is drastically reduced. Drag produced at different angle is compared with the drag produced at 00 deflections and by reducing