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Sampling process
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Sampling is the raw resource which enables the quantitative researcher gain insight on the target population. In the past half-century, Haer & Becher (2012) note that surveys have become the ubiquitous data gathering devices serving many researchers purposes for assembling data in person or by mail. Nevertheless, the purpose of the survey is designed to gather valuable data, however, even more important is the design and in the way it is conducted ethically. Sampling strategies can be diverse depending on the resources and time available to a researcher. The surroundings in which the survey is conducted play in important role easy and participation which the data can be collected.
Sampling frames provide guidance and the ability to correlate linking in from of the survey goals to the population. This framing confirms that there is merit and meaning which coexist between the target populations. Haer & Becher (2012) concludes that the suitable sampling framing needs to be adopted only after understanding the surroundings of target populations. Essentially, outlining the goals of the survey by a random collection process of the target population is desired through the anonymous and rigorous surveying process.
The goal of quantitative research is to find relationships among variables which can be dependent or independent variables. Delıce (2010) categorizes the main efforts quantitative research to find reliability with generalizability to search and find these relationships among the independent or dependent variables depending on the type of multivariate statistics being performed. The goal is not force these variables into a relationship, but to openly receive the results and present representative statistics in select...
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... data. International Journal Of Market Research, 55(4), 2-13.
Pessalacia, J., de Oliveira Ribeiro, C., & Massuia, D. (2013). Themes and situations that cause embarrassment among participants in research in which questionnaires or interviews are used. Investigacion & Educacion En Enfermeria, 31(1), 70-77
Hunter, L. (2012). Challenging the reported disadvantages of e-questionnaires and addressing methodological issues of online data collection. Nurse Researcher, 20(1), 11-20.
Research
Boyd, B. K., Gove, S., & Hitt, M. A. (2005). Construct measurement in strategic management research: Illusion or reality?. Strategic Management Journal, 26(3), 239-257. doi:10.1002/smj.444
Eden, D. (2002). FROM THE EDITORS Replication, Meta-Analysis, Scientific Progress, and AMJ's Publication Policy. Academy of Management Journal. pp. 841-846. doi:10.5465/AMJ.2002.7718946.
Two sampling methods include mail surveys and convenience sampling, a variation of a nonprobability sample. Mail surveys, inexpensive way to contact individuals over a large geographical area, provide anonymity to the respondent, and eliminate interview bias. Convenience sampling, a nonprobability sample, the only criteria is the convenience of the unit to the researcher, fast and uncomplicated, but the sampling error not determined.
Dess, G. G., Lumpkin, G. T., Eisner, A. B., & McNamara, G. (2012). Strategic Management: Text & Cases (6th Ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Pffer,J. 2006,Management half-truth and nonsense : How to practice evidence-based management, California Management Review, vol.48,No.3
For nursing, research has played a major role in the way clinical practice is done. Research has allowed nurses to provide appropriate care to patients. It allows them to perform their job by providing them the tools and information they need in order to make the decisions on the concerns for caring the patient (Polit & Beck, 2006). Moreover, research can also take focus on the workers themselves in order to improve the practice both on a professional and personal level. An example of a study conducted by King, Vidourek, and Schweibert of University of Cincinnati created a study to determine if there is a correlation between ...
The father of quantitative analysis, Rene Descartes, thought that in order to know and understand something, you have to measure it (Kover, 2008). Quantitative research has two main types of sampling used, probabilistic and purposive. Probabilistic sampling is when there is equal chance of anyone within the studied population to be included. Purposive sampling is used when some benchmarks are used to replace the discrepancy among errors. The primary collection of data is from tests or standardized questionnaires, structured interviews, and closed-ended observational protocols. The secondary means for data collection includes official documents. In this study, the data is analyzed to test one or more expressed hypotheses. Descriptive and inferential analyses are the two types of data analysis used and advance from descriptive to inferential. The next step in the process is data interpretation, and the goal is to give meaning to the results in regards to the hypothesis the theory was derived from. Data interpretation techniques used are generalization, theory-driven, and interpretation of theory (Gelo, Braakmann, Benetka, 2008). The discussion should bring together findings and put them into context of the framework, guiding the study (Black, Gray, Airasain, Hector, Hopkins, Nenty, Ouyang, n.d.). The discussion should include an interpretation of the results; descriptions of themes, trends, and relationships; meanings of the results, and the limitations of the study. In the conclusion, one wants to end the study by providing a synopsis and final comments. It should include a summary of findings, recommendations, and future research (Black, Gray, Airasain, Hector, Hopkins, Nenty, Ouyang, n.d.). Deductive reasoning is used in studies...
Tapinos, E., Dyson, R.G. & Meadows, M. (2005). The impact of performance measurement in strategic planning. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 54(5/6), 370-384.
The questionnaire will be conducted through the face to face method (Bryman, 2008) both on weekdays and weekends; this will allo...
Zikmund, W., Babin, B.J., Carr, J.C., & Griffin, M. (2010). Business research methods (8th ed.). Mason, OH: Thomson/South-Western
On the other hand, Quantitative research refers to “variance theory” where quantity describes the research in terms of statistical relationships between different variables (Maxwell, 2013). Quantitative research answers the questions “how much” or “how many?” Quantitative research is an objective, deductive process and is used to quantify attitudes, opinions, behaviors, and other defined variables with generalized results from a larger sample population. Much more structured than qualitative research, quantitative data collection methods include various forms of surveys, personal interviews and telephone interviews, polls, and systematic observations. Methods can be considered “cookie cutter” with a predetermined starting point and a fixed sequence of
The questionnaire was self-completion questionnaire which sometimes is named self-administered questionnaire. It is to say that respondents completed the questionnaires by themselves (Bryman and Bell, 2003). The research conducted an online survey though a professional website called ‘survey monkey’. There is no doubt that it is a cheaper and easier way to collect information for researcher. In addition, it is convenient for respondents as well.
The Advantages and Limitations of Social Surveys in Sociological Research To survey something, is to carry out a systematic overview so that a researcher can produce a comprehensive general report on it. Survey method is often used by positivist sociologists seeking to test their hypotheses, and to investigate causes and examine variables. As with every other sociological research, survey has its own advantages and limitations. Positivist research, which is in the scientific tradition, begins with a hypothesis that can be either confirmed or rejected according to the data collected. One of the significant advantages of survey method is that, it can be used to collect data that is a representative of a larger population.
Maree (2007; 172) explains that when gathering data, making use of samples is an easy and convenient way to get general findings about the population you are using for your study because in reality it is usually impossible to include the entire population in your study as the most two restrictions being time and c...
Traditional research may use quantitative or qualitative research method. According to Hendricks (2009), quantitative research is a general conclusion based on hard data. Hen-dricks describe quantitativ...
Sampling the act, process, or technique of selecting a suitable sample; specifically : the act, process, or technique of selecting a representative part of a population for the purpose of determining parameters or characteristics of the whole population (merriam-webster.com). There are several types of sampling and we can put these into groups. In this essay we will look at 2 main groups: Human selection and Random selection in sampling. Opinion Polls, Convenience sampling, and Quota sampling are in the Human selection group. Simple Random sampling and stratified sampling are Random selection. If there are several ways of sampling, what are the positive and negative aspects of each of them?
Sampling is to draw a conclusion efficiently about a population of interest by testing the acquired assurance on a subset of that population, which is called the sample, at less cost of time and money than those of testing the whole population. However, the trade-off between efficiency and effectiveness always exists. In the other words, sampling would be used when the gains of efficiency exceed the loss of effectiveness.