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Essay on types of sampling techniques
Advantages of sampling procedures
Advantages of sampling procedures
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Sampling the act, process, or technique of selecting a suitable sample; specifically : the act, process, or technique of selecting a representative part of a population for the purpose of determining parameters or characteristics of the whole population (merriam-webster.com). There are several types of sampling and we can put these into groups. In this essay we will look at 2 main groups: Human selection and Random selection in sampling. Opinion Polls, Convenience sampling, and Quota sampling are in the Human selection group. Simple Random sampling and stratified sampling are Random selection. If there are several ways of sampling, what are the positive and negative aspects of each of them?
One can look at the positive sides. In Human selection, sampling for opinion polls can be effective in that you can get personal opinions unlike other types. This is widely preferred since humans like to have their own input In convenience sampling you can take what you can get. The selections are equal for everyone. And in quota sampling the collector deliberately sets
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In Human selection for all of the previous stated sub topics there is a probability of chance error which comes from people not answering the questions honestly. This is a too common thing and results in bad samples. In worst cases, the information can be unusable. There is also a chance of the answers being biased to what is the more likable outcome. In random selection with the sub topics stated bad samples are possible too. Selecting data is very difficult but should be easier with random samples. However chance is also a disadvantage here. There is a probability -though selected at random- that the information is bad.Through this method some data may also be left out. There will also always be a bias. These are the main disadvantages. It is difficult to divide the sub topics and find each negative effect since these are the most important for all
Two sampling methods include mail surveys and convenience sampling, a variation of a nonprobability sample. Mail surveys, inexpensive way to contact individuals over a large geographical area, provide anonymity to the respondent, and eliminate interview bias. Convenience sampling, a nonprobability sample, the only criteria is the convenience of the unit to the researcher, fast and uncomplicated, but the sampling error not determined.
An investigation of 150 randomly selected local restaurants concluded that 42% of local restaurants have serious health code violations. Is this a population or a sample; explain your answer.
Not a random sample. They sampled “well-off people”. That subset of people may be the most likely to purchase, but they aren’t the only ones who can/would purchase their
William Paley went on to use the analogy of a watch, he asked us to
Charles Darwin’s theory of natural selection explains the general laws by which any given species transforms into other varieties and species. Darwin extends the application of his theory to the entire hierarchy of classification and states that all forms of life have descended from one incredibly remote ancestor. The process of natural selection entails the divergence of character of specific varieties and the subsequent classification of once-related living forms as distinct entities on one or many levels of classification. The process occurs as a species varies slightly over the course of numerous generations. Through inheritance, natural selection preserves each variation that proves advantageous to that species in its present circumstances of living, which include its interaction with closely related species in the “struggle for existence” (Darwin 62).
In the example above, the survey needed not only to be expanded but diversified. By including the women and other workers, you make the statistics more accurate because it represents the TV watching habits of ALL the company’s employees. However, if the company is very large, it would be difficult to interview every single employee. The solution to this problem is called random representative sampling.
In statistics, a population is a collection of individuals, things, events, etc. The population is the topic that one wants to make inferences on, whereas a sample is a subset of the population that is being collected—to be studied. After the sample is studied in statistics, one draws an inference of the population. There are four general sampling methods used in statistics: representative sample, random sample and quasi-random sample, stratified and quota sample, convenience sample, and purposive sample. A representative sample should be unbiased and thus properly indicate a characteristic of the entire population. In a random sample nothing is biased; in other words, every individual, thing or event in the population has the same chance of being selected for the sample. Therefore, because of the randomness of the sampling, the selection of one item from the population in no way effects the selection of another item. A quasi-random sample is simply a number (nth), which is
This chapter covers the variations of selection. Selection is a process, a description of how genes that produce better adaptations become more frequent over time. Species don’t try to adapt to their environment. Adaptation to the environment is inevitable if a species has the right kind of genetic variation. (pg. 117) The thought that “everything happens by chance” is essentially wrong. Evolution by selection is a combination of randomness and lawfulness. First a “random” process is the occurrence of mutations that generate an array of genetic variants, both good and bad; and then a “lawful” process (natural selection) that creates these variations. (pg.118) DNA is random, and this shows in humans and animals. For example, a humans parents
Sampling bias (pg. 112) – a sampling method can be called biased if the results of the research found favors the outcome the researcher is looking for. The researcher ultimately controls/influences whether the results are biased and potentially misleading. If a researcher thinks that football players are more susceptible to concussions, the researcher may only look at specific positions where the players take more hits to the head for their research which could affect the results looking at football players as a whole.
Many scientists in the past, such as Aristotle and Plato, believed that there were no changes in populations; however, other scientists, such as Darwin and Wallace, arose and argued that species inherit heritable traits from common ancestors and environmental forces drives out certain heritable traits that makes the species better suited to survive or be more “fit” for that environment. Therefore, species do change over a period of time and they were able to support their theory by showing that evolution does occur. There were four basic mechanisms of evolution in their theory: mutation, migration, genetic drift, and natural selection. Natural selection is the gradual process by which heritable traits that makes it more likely for an organism to survive and successfully reproduce increases, whereas there is a decline in those who do have those beneficial heritable traits (Natural Selection). For example, there is a decrease in rain which causes a drought in the finches’ environment. The seeds in the finches’ environment would not be soft enough for the smaller and weaker beak finches to break; therefore, they cannot compete with the larger and stronger beak finches for food. The larger and stronger beak finches has a heritable trait that helps them survive and reproduce better than others for that particular environment which makes them categorized under natural selection (Freeman, 2002).
Focusing on surveys and questionnaires, and quantitative research methods, it varies on the person getting questioned as to which method they prefer. Some individuals may prefer to fill in a questionnaire, as it is quick and simple for them, whereas someone else would rather have a face-to-face interview because they may find questionnaires to complicated. Giving people the choice gives the more chance of getting a response overall. It is important that the researchers are aware of the advantages and disadvantages because they will then be aware of what method to use, and will know what method is best to use. It is also an advantage to work with experienced researchers in order to find out the best results.
Nevertheless, genetic selection will ultimately affect two major issues that are strongly correlated to each other, diversity and evolution. By prescreening for certain desirable traits, parents will ultimately lean towards certain characteristics that will eliminate variation and individuality. Diversity is ironically the thread that holds society together (BioMedicine, 2005, p. 3). If someone is given the power to create the basic foundations of another being the sense of living as a unique human being is lost. Individuality will be fading over time, and this will affect evolution over time. Without diversity in the species, adaptation to the new environment is more difficult without a wide range of individuals to choose from. “The evolution
Evolution is the complexity of processes by which living organisms established on earth and have been expanded and modified through theorized changes in form and function. Human evolution is the biological and cultural development of the species Homo sapiens sapiens, or human beings. Humans evolved from apes because of their similarities. This can be shown in the evidence that humans had a decrease in the size of the face and teeth that evolved. Early humans are classified in ten different types of families.
The key to good research is preparation, preparation, and preparation. Hence, the key to making good sampling choices is preparation. Trochim (2008) defines sampling as the drawing of a sample (a subset) from a population (the full set). In our everyday lives we all draw samples without realising it. For instance, when one decides to taste some unfamiliar food or drink that is some form of sampling. Williams (2003 74) posits that “Sampling is a search for typicality). On the other hand, (Clark: 2006 87) defines sampling as “a process of drawing a number of individual cases from a larger population”. According to (Chiromo: 2006 16), “a sample is a smaller group or subset of the population”.
3. Selecting a Sampling Technique: Selecting a sampling technique may require a little bit more time and may also involve several decisions, such as whether to use a Bayesian or traditional sampling approach, sample with or without replacement, and use non-probability or probability sampling