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The relationship between gender and crime
The relationship between gender and crime
Stereotypes of female offenders
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Recommended: The relationship between gender and crime
Rachel Scholl
Dr. Delores Craig-Moreland
CJ 515: Sex Crimes
October 16th 2014
Female Sex Offenders
When you think of the term sex offender, the first image that is thought of typically is a male. While it is statistically proven that men commit the majority of sexual offenses, there is number of women who commit these offenses as well. Many researchers have put away the thought that women are capable of being sex offenders due to the sparse statistics available. Several analysts in the past have concluded that female sexual offenders were “of little significance” and “virtually unknown” (Hickey). Woman are typically seen as victims and the prospect of being the perpetrator goes against popular belief. Sexual abuse by a female offender is often
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A popular classification system was created by Mathews, Matthews, and Speltz and the majority of female offenders can fall into one of three categories in the model that includes; teacher/ lover, male-coerced and predisposed sex offenders (Hickey). For example, an affair that has taken place between an older female teacher and a younger student would fall under the teacher/lover classification. It is not uncommon to hear in the news that a student and teacher have been caught sleeping together. In fact quite recently two English teachers, a twenty-four and thirty-two year old were caught sleeping with a sixteen year old male student in Louisiana (Delong). The male- coerced category includes female offenders that commit offenses because they are forced to by their partner. Another classification does exist between male-coerced and predisposed and that is male accompanied. Male accompanied offenders commit offenses with a male accomplice and are often times more involved in abusive behaviors than male-coerced offenders. Lastly in the Matthew’s classification system is the predisposed sex offender. These offenders were victimized sexually as children and when they reached adulthood they began to victimize their own children or other children that they knew . These typologies are effective but several researchers have considered them too broad. It is for this reason that psychologists have added to and expanded female sex offender typologies. Faller, McCarty, and Hislop have all created their own offender classification systems that have contributed to our understanding of female sex
Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 21(1), 49-66. Levenson, J.S., D’Amora, D.A., & Hern, A.L. (2007). The 'Secondary' of the 'Secondary'. Megan’s Law and its impact on community re-entry for sexual offenders. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 25(1), 587-602.
Many resources go into the prevention and management of sex offenders. However, very few effective programs exist that decrease the likelihood of reoffending. Through the use of meta-analyses, Seto and Lalumiere (2010) evaluated multiple studies that examined sex offenders. Emphasis was put on etiological explanations in the hopes of identifying factors associated with sex offending. Seto and Lalumiere’s (2010) findings help in creating effective programs to decrease recidivism rates.
According to RAINN, (2009) approximately 10 per cent of all victims of sexual assault and abuse are adult and juvenile males. In terms of the nature of assault, real figures include a compendium of reported incidents ranging from unwanted sexual touching to forced penetration. To qualify this statement, it must be understood that the percentage does not reflect a vast number of crimes that go unreported due to issues that will be discussed in the present paper.
The acceptance that the court system often treats female offenders differently than male offenders is an accurate statement; however, it comes with many caveats. Generally, the public views women as nurturers, motherly and incapable of harming a child. Research indicates that female sex offenders capable of committing such acts have serious psychiatric and psychological problems. In comparison, research indicates male sex offenders are more callous, more antisocial, and promiscuous, involved in the criminal justice system, and have more victims (Miccio-Fenseca, 2012, slide 7). The consensus is that men commit their acts for sexual pleasure while women commit their acts due to psychiatric and psychological problems. Law enforcement, juries, and judges tend to empathize more when there are additional mitigating factors such as emotional or psychological problems. Due to these mitigating factors, it appears treatment of female sex offenders is more lenient than male if their crimes are similar in nature. Research by Miccio-Fenseca (2012) indicates that in comparison to their male counterparts, “female sex offenders rarely use force or violence far less than often…rarely use threats of violence to silence victims…rarely use threats o...
There is much debate as to whether a sex offender should be released into the public, this debate stems from the idea that a sex offender cannot be treated and that they are a danger to the public as they are ‘purely evil’ (Burke, 2005), however there is much evidence that sex offenders can be treated and re-introduced into society as a productive member. Sex offender is a general term used to refer to any person who has been convicted of crimes involving sex, from rape and molestation to exhibitionism and pornography distribution. There are many theories which try to explain why people are sexual offenders, these theories along with treatments for sex offenders will be looked at to help explain why people sexually offend and to help evaluate whether sex offenders should be released.
Rehabilitate, and develop, both of the utmost substance when observing the ways in which a sex offender registry are and
Sex offender legislation has been encouraged and written to protect the community and the people at large against recidivism and or to help with the reintegration of those released from prison. Nevertheless, a big question has occurred as to if the tough laws created help the community especially to prevent recidivism or make the situation even worse than it already is. Sex offenders are categorized into three levels for example in the case of the state of Massachusetts; in level one the person is not considered dangerous, and chances of him repeating a sexual offense are low thus his details are not made available to the public (Robbers, 2009). In level two chances of reoccurrence are average thus public have access to this level offenders through local police departments in level three risk of reoffense is high, and a substantial public safety interest is served to protect the public from such individuals.
When the criminal justice system was established, the main objective was to create neutrality and fairness between the sexes. Even though people might believe that there is no such thing as ‘stereotyping’ in the criminal justice system, it is quite obvious that women are constantly being looked down upon because of their sexuality. In general, women tend to be treated like fragile objects that could break at any moment; the truth is that women can be strong and courageous just like men. Society stereotypes about women and the criminal justice system are no different. Throughout history, certain crimes have been separated into different categories based on their prevalence.
3. Report of the Interagency Council on Sex Offender Treatment to the Senate Interim Committee on Health and Human Services and the Senate Committee on Criminal Justice, 1993
There are several identifiable psychological factors that increase the likelihood an individual will demonstrate deviant sexual behavior. One of the most important contributing factors is physical or sexual abuse endured as a child. According to Becerra-García, García-León and Egan (2012), sex offenders are twice as likely to report being sexually, emotionally, or physically abused as a child in comparison to other offenders. There are also other factors besides abuse that must be taken into consideration. A recent study on female sex offenders by Roe-Sepowitz and Krysik (2008) states, “the data reveal that many of the 118 female juvenile sex offenders came from chaotic and disorganized families and had poor parental supervision and serious school and mental health problems”. As Becerra-García, García-León and Egan (2012) discuss further, there are also personality traits that sex offenders are likely to possess, which makes it possible for psychologists to distinguish general characteristics of sex offenders. These personality traits can be identified using the Five Factor Model, which scales an individual’s level of neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness.
Sex offenders have been a serious problem for our legal system at all levels, not to mention those who have been their victims. There are 43,000 inmates in prison for sexual offenses while each year in this country over 510,000 children are sexually assaulted(Oakes 99). The latter statistic, in its context, does not convey the severity of the situation. Each year 510,000 children have their childhood's destroyed, possibly on more than one occasion, and are faced with dealing with the assault for the rest of their lives. Sadly, many of those assaults are perpetrated by people who have already been through the correctional system only to victimize again. Sex offenders, as a class of criminals, are nine times more likely to repeat their crimes(Oakes 99). This presents a
Within the last few decades, sexual violence has come “to light” as a crime that has destructive implications that drag on for years (Grotpeter, Menard, Gianola, &O’Neal, 2008). With the help of the media, law enforcement and new laws regarding sexual offenders, people are more aware of the crime. The awareness is of the risks that make people more likely to become a victim. However, awareness should also shed light on the predictive factors as to why people commit sexual assaults in the first place. The National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS) reported that there is no single type of person that is more likely to commit a sexual offense. Regardless of sex, gender, socioeconomic status, etc., there is no way to determine if any individual will become a sexual offender based on this information alone (NCJRS, n.d.). So, what makes someone more likely to commit a sexual offense on another human being? This question is quite difficult to really narrow down. However, there are certain factors that need to be explored that can provide a better idea of what really goes through the mind of a sexual offender before the crime even takes place. Once a better understanding of predictive factors of sexual offenders is offered, then preventative measures can begin. In order to fully examine potential factors that can lead to a sexual assault, scientific studies that have been conducted over the subject should be reviewed to understand the question being raised.
In addition, a massive flaw with the theory is that it lacks any significant clinical utility and serves mainly as educational. The model does not include cognitive factors that have been proven to be vital aspect to child sex offences (Ward & Hudson, 2001). The model does not elaborate on the pathways individual offenders take that lead to a specific form of abuse thus creating confusion as to how each individual factor influences the type of abuse. There are core components that are lacking of evidence, such as arousal, that open the model up for scrutiny when using it to inform treatment. If the model fails to properly inform treatment, the risk of re-offending increases
Melissa Tirado WGS: Midterm Essay 6 10-23-2012 In almost every case, crimes against women are at the hands of a man. Especially in terms of rape, you will find that rape narrowly defines women as the victims and men as the offenders. This is because millions of incidents against women have been reported, and incidents against men have been underreported. Several surveys regarding sexual violence have shown that about 40% of these victims were men (slate.com).
Despite the fact that the experimental proof is not categorical to the efficiency of sexual offender treatment, recent methodical appraisals and examinations come out clear that certain approaches