The Four Preconditions Model was a vital beginning in giving paedophiles a thorough theory that made an incomprehensible crime into one that could be seen as a very real possibility. It gave paedophilia research an inclusive approach when previously there were only single factor theories that regularly fell short (Howells, 1994). Not only was it the first comprehensive theory, it laid the groundwork to future research with the aim of inclusivity and flexibility to adjust depending on individual factors and differences between sex crimes. Ward and Siegert’s pathway model was the first to follow Finkelhor’s approach thus starting a trend in the science community to improve and adapt where this model fell short (Ward, Polaschek, & Beech, 2006). These advances in research and ways to approach sex offending have been massively influential to the current Risk–Need–Responsivity treatment which has been considered the best model that exists for determining offender treatment, and some of the best risk-assessment tools used on offenders are based on it (D. Andrews, Bonta, Wormith, & DA. Andrews, 2011). In addition, the current Integrated Theory of Sexual …show more content…
In addition, a massive flaw with the theory is that it lacks any significant clinical utility and serves mainly as educational. The model does not include cognitive factors that have been proven to be vital aspect to child sex offences (Ward & Hudson, 2001). The model does not elaborate on the pathways individual offenders take that lead to a specific form of abuse thus creating confusion as to how each individual factor influences the type of abuse. There are core components that are lacking of evidence, such as arousal, that open the model up for scrutiny when using it to inform treatment. If the model fails to properly inform treatment, the risk of re-offending increases
Witt, P., Greenfield, D., & Hiscox, S. (2008). Cognitive/behavioural approaches to the treatment adult sex offenders. Journal of Psychiatry & Law, 36(2), 245-269, retrieved from EBSCOhost
Offenders are able to identify weaknesses in a child’s personality or life circumstances and then exploit them. There can be many different characteristics a Child Molester or Pedophile uses for their selection process. The characteristics are the foll...
Letourneau, E. J., Henggeler, S. W., Borduin, C. M., Schewe, P. A., McCart, M. R., Chapman, J. E., & Saldana, L. (2009). Multisystemic therapy for juvenile sexual offenders: 1-year results from a randomized effectiveness trial. Journal of Family Psychology, 23(1), 89-102.
Many resources go into the prevention and management of sex offenders. However, very few effective programs exist that decrease the likelihood of reoffending. Through the use of meta-analyses, Seto and Lalumiere (2010) evaluated multiple studies that examined sex offenders. Emphasis was put on etiological explanations in the hopes of identifying factors associated with sex offending. Seto and Lalumiere’s (2010) findings help in creating effective programs to decrease recidivism rates.
Generally, the public views women as nurturers, motherly and incapable of harming a child. Research indicates that female sex offenders capable of committing such acts have serious psychiatric and psychological problems. In comparison, research indicates male sex offenders are more callous, more antisocial, and promiscuous, involved in the criminal justice system, and have more victims (Miccio-Fenseca, 2012, slide 7). The consensus is that men commit their acts for sexual pleasure while women commit their acts due to psychiatric and psychological problems. Law enforcement, juries, and judges tend to empathize more when there are additional mitigating factors, such as emotional or psychological problems.
Sex offender legislation has been encouraged and written to protect the community and the people at large against recidivism and or to help with the reintegration of those released from prison. Nevertheless, a big question has occurred as to if the tough laws created help the community especially to prevent recidivism or make the situation even worse than it already is. Sex offenders are categorized into three levels for example in the case of the state of Massachusetts; in level one the person is not considered dangerous, and chances of him repeating a sexual offense are low thus his details are not made available to the public (Robbers, 2009). In level two chances of reoccurrence are average thus public have access to this level offenders through local police departments in level three risk of reoffense is high, and a substantial public safety interest is served to protect the public from such individuals.
There are several identifiable psychological factors that increase the likelihood an individual will demonstrate deviant sexual behavior. One of the most important contributing factors is physical or sexual abuse endured as a child. According to Becerra-García, García-León and Egan (2012), sex offenders are twice as likely to report being sexually, emotionally, or physically abused as a child in comparison to other offenders. There are also other factors besides abuse that must be taken into consideration. A recent study on female sex offenders by Roe-Sepowitz and Krysik (2008) states, “the data reveal that many of the 118 female juvenile sex offenders came from chaotic and disorganized families and had poor parental supervision and serious school and mental health problems”. As Becerra-García, García-León and Egan (2012) discuss further, there are also personality traits that sex offenders are likely to possess, which makes it possible for psychologists to distinguish general characteristics of sex offenders. These personality traits can be identified using the Five Factor Model, which scales an individual’s level of neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness.
Sex offenders have been a serious problem for our legal system at all levels, not to mention those who have been their victims. There are 43,000 inmates in prison for sexual offenses while each year in this country over 510,000 children are sexually assaulted(Oakes 99). The latter statistic, in its context, does not convey the severity of the situation. Each year 510,000 children have their childhood's destroyed, possibly on more than one occasion, and are faced with dealing with the assault for the rest of their lives. Sadly, many of those assaults are perpetrated by people who have already been through the correctional system only to victimize again. Sex offenders, as a class of criminals, are nine times more likely to repeat their crimes(Oakes 99). This presents a
I am a little familiar with the FDLE Sex Offender site so I was not too surprised with the findings. There are 75 registered sex offenders within a 2-mile radius from my apartment complex. Out of the 75 offenders, three of them are females, including a former high school teacher who engaged in sexual relationships with one student. The age of the offender’s range from their late 20’s to their early 80’s.
... set sexual behavior. Attempts to combine biological and social influences into a single theory for the sexuality are called an “interactions approach”. In 1998 Delamater & Hyde believe that the theoretical and philosophical divide between nature and nurture makes interactions approaches both difficult to construct and rare to figure out.
Findings The International Business Times article (Smith, 2015) explored measures to assess whether convicted sex offenders would reoffend in the future. Smith (2015) collated data from professionals who are actively working in treatment facilities, stating that treatment programmes specialising in psychosocial aspects have not been established as being effective. Nonetheless, the article reiterates that treatment does reduce recidivism, despite this not being a guaranteed method of prevention for every individual, working with offenders helps to decrease the possibility of offences reoccurring (Smith, 2015).
Osmundson, Joseph. "'I Was Born This Way': Is Sexuality Innate, and Should It Matter?" Harvard Kennedy School. N.p., 2011. Web. 11 Feb. 2014. .
A scientific research and study conducted by Martin Schmucker and Friedrich Losel, proved and confirmed that sex offender treatment programs had a positive treatment effect, having the potential to significantly reduce recidivism rates. The method of the experiment first began with the eligibility criteria, where studies had to have met eligibility, The findings were measured by treatment of sexual offenders, evaluation by means of recidivism outcomes, and the inclusion of a control and comparison group that did not receive the treatment. Early trauma is an important factor to take into consideration when viewing a criminal’s history and past, so one can efficiently mitigate the likelihood of future offending. To make personal growth occur,
Data has shown that sex offenders tend to have experienced secual and physical abuse as childrem. Child molesters are about twice as likely as rapists to have experienced childhood sexual abuse. Overall only about one third of all offenders claimed to have been physically abused as a child. Although a big majority of sex offenders claim to have been victimized, they’re not all true. Regardless this should not be seen as an excuse for doing.
David, F. H., Fertel, E. R., Singh, D., Fernandez, F., & al, e. (2005). THE ROLE OF SEXUAL