Salmonella are gram-negative bacteria that have been one of the major causes of food poisoning for many years. There are only two species of Salmonella; Salmonella bongori and Salmonella enterica. Salmonella has two phospholipid membranes and the peptidoglycan layer is located between the two membranes. There is an inner plasma membrane and an outer membrane. The space in between these membranes is the periplasm. The periplasm contains proteins that use electron transport chains and concentration gradients to gain energy. The outer membrane of salmonella contains lipopolysaccharide. Salmonella is rod shaped and it has flagella all around the cell body. This is called peritrichous flagella. The DNA of Salmonella is primarily found on one chromosome, …show more content…
When first exposed to the antibiotic treatment high volumes of bacteria are destroyed. After initial treatment, the rate of bacteria death decreases dramatically. Studies have shown that after ten days of treatment there are still detectable amounts of Salmonella left in the tissues of the body. Researchers that study this hypothesized that the bacteria was able to resist the antibody through a phenotypic change. Normally antibody resistance is achieved through a genotypic change in the bacteria. The Salmonella seem to achieve resistance by switching to slow rates of growth after the antibody is introduced into the system. It is not clear how this causes antibody resistance but during studies, researchers found that all the surviving Salmonella bacteria in the cell were a slow-growing sub population of Salmonella. Dendritic cells and macrophages take up these slow growing Salmonella and they are able to live in the macrophages inside of Salmonella containing vacuoles that they cause the macrophages to produce. It is unknown whether or not the change to slow-growth is cause by phagocytosis of the bacteria or because of inherent variation but it is know that this is what allows the bacteria to resist antibiotics. Salmonella is primarily transferred through infected foods. Food can be infected during the processing and handling of the food. To avoid infection you should always wash your hands before touching food especially if you have just come from the bathroom. You should also wash the food under running water. Finally, you should not allow any of your food to come into contact with other raw
So as you can see Salmonella typhimurium is a serious microorganism that can create a lot of havoc if it gets inside of a person’s system and although there are many ways to diagnosis it, it must be diagnosed quickly or a person could end up in the hospital.
Typhoid fever is a systemic infection caused by the gram-negative organism Salmonella typhi. It is transmitted through fecal-oral or urine-oral route by either direct or indirect contact of the carrier’s or infected individual’s feces or urine. Humans are the only source of this organism. Ingestion of
Reducing the risk of salmonellosis from these farms would include food safety practices such as: washing eggs and hands thoroughly, making sure that the farm is kept in good condition, feeding the chickens good food, and using fresh water
The helicobacter pylori bacterium also commonly known as H. pylori is a spiral shaped bacterium that is often found growing in the digestive tract. H. pylori bacteria are found in more than half of the world’s population. The bacteria normally attack the lining of the stomach and the small intestines. Although they are present in many people the H. pylori bacteria is usually harmless. The bacteria are adapted to live and survive in the acidic environment of the digestive tract. Furthermore, H. pylori reduces the acidity of the environment around it to survive and will penetrate the lining of the stomach and small intestines where the mucus lining protects it from the body’s immune cells. H. pylori sometimes can interfere with the body’s immune response to ensure their survival and this causes stomach problems (Flemin & Alcamo, 2007).
Salmonella is one danger that has caused many effects to consumers. Walsh writes about one incident when an outbreak “from tainted peanuts that killed at least eight people and sickened 600,” (Walsh 167). This incident left many people asking the same question, how can we trust the food that we put into our bodies? Salmonella, a type of food poisoning caused by bacteria found on different food types has caused an epidemic because of its domino effect on food and our health. Once one factory is contaminated, that factory could be housing both crops and meat, which is then transferred to our supermarkets and on our dinner tables. ...
Bacteria play a large role in our health, the environment, and most aspects of life. They can be used in beneficial ways, such as decomposing wastes, enhancing fertilizer for crops, and breaking down of substances that our bodies cannot. However, many bacteria can also be very harmful by causing disease. Understanding how to identify bacteria has numerous applications and is incredibly important for anyone planning to enter the medical field or begin a career in research. Having the background knowledge of identifying an unknown bacteria may one day aid healthcare professionals diagnose their patient with a particular bacterial infection or help researchers determine various clinical, agricultural, and numerous other uses for bacteria.
Bacterial resistance to antibiotics has presented many problems in our society, including an increased chance of fatality due to infections that could have otherwise been treated with success. Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections, but overexposure to these drugs give the bacteria more opportunities to mutate, forming resistant strains. Through natural selection, those few mutated bacteria are able to survive treatments of antibiotics and then pass on their genes to other bacterial cells through lateral gene transfer (Zhaxybayeva, 2011). Once resistance builds in one patient, it is possible for the strain to be transmitted to others through improper hygiene and failure to isolate patients in hospitals.
Many say that history repeats itself, and throughout history, the spread of food-borne diseases has been constantly threatening humans. Salmonella, a disease which attacks numerous people a year, has returned, infected, and put people under panic of what they are eating. According to Foodborne Diseases, it is stated that “Salmonella comprises a large and diverse group of Gram-negative rods. Salmonellae are ubiquitous and have been recovered from some insects and nearly all vertebrate species, especially humans, livestock, and companion animals” (Gray and Fedorka-Cray 55). Because of the flexibility and the ability to reproduce rapidly, this infamous disease still remains as one of the most common threats in our society as well as an unconquerable problem that humans face these days.
L. pneumophila belongs to the genus Legionella. This genus also causes Pontiac Fever, a milder illness resembling the flu. Infections by Legionella bacterium, separately or together, is sometimes called legionellosis. L. pneumophila is a ubiquitous organism which thrives in warm, moist places – including water pipes. It is thin, pleomorphic, flagellated and Gram-negative. It is the primary human pathogen of its genus. It does not have endospores or a capsule and morphologically it is a rod-like bacteria. Although, it is considered Gram-negative, it stains poorly because of its lipopolysaccharide outer layer of the outer cell membrane. It is non-acid-fast, aerobic and non-fermentative. It is not pigmented but it is oxidase and catalase positive. Its optimum temperature is around 35 degrees Celsius or 95 degrees Fairinheight and it is capable of surviving temperature ran...
Tuberculosis or TB is an airborn infection caused by inhaled droplets that contain mycobacterium tuberculosis. When infected, the body will initiate a cell-mediated hypersensitivity response which leads to formation of lesion or cavity and positive reaction to tuberculin skin test (Kaufman, 2011). People who have been infected with mycobacteria will have a positive skin test, but only ones who have active TB will show signs and symtoms. Basic signs and symptoms include low grade fever, cough with hemoptysis, and tachypnea. They may also show pleuristic chest pain, dyspnea, progressive weight loss, fatigue and malaise (Porth, 2011).
Pathogens are organisms that are capable of causing diseases in other organisms and are considered to be ubiquitous. They can be found in water, on surfaces, and on or in humans, plants, and animals. Different pathogens have different signs and symptoms, treatment options, ways of transmission, diagnoses, and prognoses. Chickenpox, also known as varicella, and shingles are diseases caused by the same pathogen and have many of the same characteristics, but are also unique in their own ways.
E. coli are bacteria that can cause an infection in various parts of your body, including your intestines. E. coli bacteria normally live in the intestines of people and animals. Most types of E. coli do not cause infections, but some produce a poison (toxin) that can cause diarrhea. Depending on the toxin, this can cause mild or severe diarrhea.
Salmonella is also a bacterium that is widespread in the intestines of birds, reptiles, and mammals. It can spread to the human species a variety of different ways; through foods or animal origins. Some examples of food involved in outbreaks are eggs, poultry and other meats, raw milk and chocolate. The illnesses it causes are typically fever, diarrhea, and abdominal cramps. In people with poor underlying health or weakened immune...
Syphilis is a sexually transmitting infection caused by Treonema pallidum, a gram negative, and anaerobic spirochete bacteria 1. Syphilis is thought to have been brought to Europe by Columbus and his sailors in the 1500’s 1. The disease is characterized by four different stages with varying symptoms depending on the stage that the disease is in1. Often syphilis is presented with another sexually transmitted infection such as chlamydia. Public education regarding safe sex is important for the prevention of this sexually transmitted infection.
Gastroenteritis, sometimes referred to as infectious diarrhoea is a common disease that affects millions of people annually. It is a disease caused by viruses, bacteria or parasites that enter the human body and spread, which induce symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal pain and nausea. Although it is a common occurrence in society and is usually not harmful, cases of gastroenteritis in less developed countries may have more fatal repercussions due to their inability to access ample means of treatment. Over time, as more research was conducted into the disease, scientific developments were made to aid those affected by gastroenteritis and reduce the number of fatalities by educating people regarding preventative methods.