Interview: 2004?
In 1977, Dr. Rosalyn Yalow became a co-winner for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the development of the radioimmunoassay (RIA). Unfortunately, her colleague, Solomon Berson, passed away before he could receive his share of the prize. At an early age, Yalow was mostly interested in mathematics and chemistry. However, when she began her studies at Hunter Women’s College in New York, she became fascinated by physics and completed her graduate studies at the University of Illinois. In 1945, she received her Ph.D. in Nuclear Physics at the University of Illinois. Yalow became very skilled in designing apparatus for measuring radioactive substance due to the focus of her research on nuclear physics. She has kindly agreed to this interview in hopes of enlightening future researchers.
Thank you for joining us today, Dr. Yalow. Can you tell us a bit about RIA and what led you to develop it?
RIA is a binding assay which uses radioisotopes to measure the amount of antigen in a sample. Solomon and I developed RIA while studying insulin. Prior to our work, it was widely believed that diabetes was caused by a deficiency in insulin secretion. However, we disproved this theory by developing a radioisotopic technique to study antibody-antigen reactions. Using radiolabelled insulin, we found that insulin degradation was slower in patients who had previously received exogenous insulin as part of treatment for diabetes or schizophrenia. We hypothesized that the slower degradation was caused by the binding of insulin to antibodies produced in response to the exogenous insulin treatment. However, there was no existing technique at the time that was sensitive and specific enough to allow us to detect the small amount ...
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...exploring ideas that interest you. We need more scientists who are willing to go against the grain and challenge our current understandings of the world. This is how scientific discoveries are born.
Allergy application of RIA
The radioallergosorbent test (RAST) is an RIA test that allows for the detection and quantification of IgE antibodies. During the test, a possible allergen is bound to insoluble material and a sample of the patient’s blood is added. If the blood sample contains antibodies specific to that allergen, the antibodies will bind to that allergen. Anti-human radiolabeled IgE antibodies are then added and bind only to the antibodies already bound to the insoluble material. The whole sample is then wThe unbound anti-human antibodies are washed away and the level of radioactivity is proportional to the amount of human IgE present in the blood sample.
How would one know if there is life outside human life? Science makes that possible. Society would not know any type of information related to science, if there was no one investigating it. Thus, without the continuous advancements individuals produce, this information would still remain unknown. Physicists, microbiologists, scientists, biochemists, biologist and any other scientific-related career dedicate to further the growth in the scientific field. Endless effort is being implemented to give society the most efficient technology and up-date scientific findings.
While discussing the unknown frontier that scientists must endure, Barry describes a “wilderness region” that is unfamiliar and new. He continues to say that scientists venture “through the looking glass” into a new frontier. These devices help to create familiar ideas that the audience will understand in an unfamiliar situation. A simile used to compare research to a “crystal” by explaining that “probing” was to “ precipitate an order out of chaos,” much like a crystalline structure forms an ordered structure. Finally, Berry implements a metaphor in order to describe what follows a discovery. He describes “a flood of colleagues” that “ pave roads over the path laid.” This metaphor describes how science continuously changes, one discovery after another while ultimately communicating the patience and curiosity a scientist must have. The culmination of these figurative devices teach a new way of an audience that is unfamiliar with the author's theme.
Interview Essay - Emelie Konold Emelie Konold was born on July 25, 1924. She enjoys keeping active by meeting new people and being with friends. She also enjoys taking classes at Saddleback College, and sewing. Emelie defines happiness as a pleasant feeling of joy and wellbeing. Her definition has evolved over the years.
Barry opens up this section with a metaphor, stating that “all real scientists exist on the frontier,” and continuing on to compare scientific research to the western frontier. As the western frontier was new and undiscovered in early America until people became bold enough to venture out there, scientific research is new and undiscovered as well until one has the boldness to explore the work. This metaphor relating to the frontier allows Barry to clearly paint a picture of his characterization of scientific research. As he continues on in explaining the unknown, Barry writes a series of rhetorical questions relating to the metaphor of the frontier. As the rhetorical questions continuously follow one another, they mimic the job a scientist would have in inquiring date within an experiment. These questions not only make the reader think thoroughly about the roles of scientists, but also force the reader to think like a scientist his or herself. This comparison of scientific research to the frontier, as well as the rhetorical questions within it, allow Barry to portray the unknown factor within science, emphasizing the boldness and curiosity a great scientist must have in order to be truly
...to establish the tolerance level for radium. The center for Human Radiobiology was established in 1968 with the primary purpose of examining living dial painters.
Rosalyn Sussman Yalow graduated Hunter College as the first women to graduate in physics (Bauman et. al. 2011). She also led a way for acceptance and understanding of women’s role in science in America (Bauman et. al. 2011). She even inspired Mildred Dresselhous, who was a professor at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and president and officer of many Associations including American Association for the Advancement of Science, to pursue the career she wanted (Bauman et. al. 2011). Rosalyn born to Clara and Simon Sussman in New York City, on July 19, 1921 (Brody 1996). She married Aaron Yalow on June 6, 1943 and had two children named Elanna and Benjamin (Brody 1996). In 1977, Dr. Yalow won the Nobel Prize in medicine and was the second women to ever accept such an award (Brody 1996). She also taught physics in New York until 1950 when the Veterans Administration (during World War II) was interested in exploring and researching radioactivity (Brody 1996). As her life progressed, Dr. Rosalyn Sussman Yalow became an inspiration for young women who want to be recognized and achieve something in their life (Brody 1996). From when she was a child she was fascinated with science and decided to achieve something no women really does. Rosalyn Yalow went to school and started working in the science field, she managed to help the world of radioactivity and radioimmunoassay, how Mrs. Rosalyn impacted the world of science, how Dr. Yalow impacted the lives of other women, and how she never lost her passion for science even in her last years.
Barry depicts the work of a researcher to be complex and challenging, and that each synopsis of a situation has obstacles that can only be surpassed by the necessary characteristics of a scientist. Barry uses the examination of a rock to show the mindset a scientist must have in order to obtain the wanted information. Including how researchers use the traits of not only curiosity and creativity, but also patience and forethought strengthens Barry’s claim of the predicaments a scientist may encounter and how he would overcome them, “Would a pick be best, or would dynamite be better - or would dynamite be too indiscriminately destructive?” (Barry 40-42). Throughout the passage Barry uses several rhetorical strategies to characterize his claims and to allow his audience to grasp an understanding of how scientific research, although difficult and riddled with obstacles, encompasses humankind’s need for
John Barry’s piece explores that science is more than the outcome of an experiment but rather the questions asked in the process. Through many different types of rhetorical strategies, he addresses the need to be uncertain to be a successful scientist.
To conclude, the ELISA method is effective in detecting different diseases and is an ideal method for screening of diseases and toxins also. There are also a wide variety of ELISA methods that can be used depending up on the antibody and antigens that need to be detected. Also, as mentioned, they are highly sensitive which means they can give accurate and reliable results. They are also relatively inexpensive and do not require a high degree of skills or expensive equipment to use, but can be prone to experimental error if procedures are not followed.
...arious factors such as the presence of other elements in the samples. These elements do not affect the tests in a similar way and others are more susceptible to these elements than others. The RSID for semen, for instance, is more accurate than the RSID for both blood and saliva since it tests for an antigen that is only specific to the human semen.
It is the way that the world is able to evolve. People will learning new things, science researching things further, and asking more questions is the way that the world is able to obtain new ideas to replace the old ones. There are arguments that although they are just old ideas that have been modernized you can still classify them as being new ideas. They are updated and have been elaborated on more and researched more to come up with this new idea that is more efficient than the old one. People who ask questions are the reason for new ideas. The deeper we tend to dig, the more new efficient ways to do things and ideas we will get. It is in this way of learning new things, ideas, and new ways of doing things that our world evolves. Everyday people are coming up with new ideas that will make things better. These new ideas help people gain more knowledge and advance in life. The argument of whether or not the old ideas are better or the new ideas are better can simply be answered by the fact that the new way is the better route because not only do they include some parts of the old way, but they are modernized and made to better fit in the society we live in today. Things like technology, scientific advance, and even new ideas about why things are the way they are help us evolve to bigger things than we were before. If we were to only stick to the old ways and not think of
I have always been fascinated with science-oriented interests. I remember being young and intrigued by the complexity of the human body. As I grew, puzzles and critical thinking became essential to my learning process.
Since my youth, my curiosity correlated with my scientific endeavours. My biggest academic interests are Science and Mathematics, because the complexity of concepts intrigue and challenge me. I ask numerous questions, aiming to completely grasp notions, both on class material and on extra research done independently. Problem-solving always lit a spark in me: where most would abandon, I utilize my creativity to push forwards. Chemistry and Physics are omnipresent in everyday life,
‘Research is creating new knowledge’, as said, since my childhood I was always into experimenting on things, even the smallest radio set in my home was a huge miracle to me as a child. Exploring into the parts of it was great learning. So thus my interest towards technology has begun, which made me participate and win various Science fairs conducted during school level. I stood FIRST in the SIR C.V.RAMAN test as an outstanding student in Science. Being one of the best students in my school I have scored 77% , which was one of the listed topper’s grades, in my X Standard.
Induction is at the foundation of science, but the awareness come with a paradox because now laws and theories are questioned. Induction uses the individual facts. The imagination of a scientist allows the discovery of laws and theories. There is no single method to use to reach conclusions. The teaching of science now works against creative science which makes science dry and uninteresting to students. Shiela Tobias thinks that students do not want to do something science related as a career because they are not given an opportunity to see science as exciting and