Lab Activity Part B
Disease: Rabies
Microbe: Rabies Virus
Rabies virus is an enveloped negative stranded RNA virus. It has a 12kb genome that encodes for five proteins one of which is the Glycoprotein. Although the Rabies virus has been controlled by routine vaccinations of animals in developed countries, it still remains one of the most important public health problems worldwide. In this paper, the authors state that the Glycoprotein (G) is the major attribute of protective immunity in animals and is also responsible for the introduction of virus neutralizing antibodies. The authors used baby hamster kidney cells (BHK-21) and SK cells and grown them in Dulbecco’s minimal essential medium supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum. This is the optimal medium and allows for the nutrients essential for the cells to grow. They then developed a recombinant RABV vaccine by expressing two copies of the RABV G protein in the HEP-Flury strain of the virus. At appropriate time points after infection, the cells were fixed in acetone and stained with RABV N Protein specific antibody. This is done so the authors can examine these cells under a fluorescence microscope.
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It is important to note that a control group of mice were also established where the vaccine was not injected. Results show a positive relationship with immunogenicity in mice. The protective antibody against RABV persisted for at least 12 months. This would impact the veterinarian field which in turn would impact the medical field. If less dogs contracted the rabies virus, less humans would get bitten and also contract the
The unknown bacterium that was handed out by the professor labeled “E19” was an irregular and raised shaped bacteria with a smooth texture and it had a white creamy color. The slant growth pattern was filiform and there was a turbid growth in the broth. After all the tests were complete and the results were compared the unknown bacterium was defined as Shigella sonnei. The results that narrowed it down the most were the gram stain, the lactose fermentation test, the citrate utilization test and the indole test. The results for each of the tests performed are listed in Table 1.1 below.
As the solution pH can influence the stability of NaClO-NH3 blend and the elimination of SO2, NOx, the impact of the pH of NaClO-NH3 blend solution on the instantaneous removal as well as the duration time was investigated, and the final pH after reaction was also detected and shown in Fig. 5. It can be seen that the variation of solution pH has a negligible effect on the desulfurization, but the elevated pH has a great promotion on the NOx removal, the efficiencies are significantly increased from 36% to 99% for NO2 in the pH range of 5–12 and from 19% to 65% for NO when the pH is between 5 and 10, after where, both of them are constant. Hence, the optimal pH of the NaClO-NH3 solution for the
Almost 2,000 died the night of the 1928 storm in Florida. Their Eyes Were Watching God by Zora Neale Hurston realistically depicts the Okeechobee hurricane that struck the coast of South Florida. The incredulous, category four storm produced winds as high as 150 mph and flood waters of up to eight feet. Hurston describes their heart wrenching experience throughout the end of the novel when Janie, the protagonist of the story, survives the devastating hurricane with her husband, Tea Cake. The book shows similarities between the overflow of Lake Okeechobee and the specific weather conditions of the hurricane, but differs regarding the aftermath of the storm.
Feline panleukopenia is endemic to cats worldwide. The virus has been identified since the early 20th century. The virus is so severe that it was referred to as “cat plague” in earlier times when infections worldwide nearly wiped out cat populations in certain geographic areas. Now FPV rarely occurs in domestic populations in which vaccination is routinely practiced. There is a seasonality to the occurrence of FPV that usually coincides with the production of new populations of susceptible kittens. This seasonal effect may vary according to geographic location. In the northeastern United States, most cases of FPV are seen in the summer and early fall. However, outbreaks of FPV may occur at any time of the year. It is thought that feral domestic cat populations are a natural resevior for Feline panleukopenia virus.
Feline Leukemia Virus is caused by C-type RNA viruses (Padman S. Sarma & Robert J. Huebner, et al). It is what is known as a retrovirus, and it occurs in all species of cats. All retroviruses produce an enzyme that allows them to inject their genetic material into healthy cells, causing the once-healthy cell to become infected and take on properties of the virus (Feline Leukemia Virus). The name comes from the original attempt to understand the virus, and it was believed to be similar to leukemia in humans. By the time the actual cause of the virus was discovered the misnomer of “leukemia” had already become commonly used, and leukemia was then used as part of the virus’ official name. While the virus produces leukemia-like symptoms, it can also lead to cases of lymphoma (Raoul E. Benveniste & Charles J. Sherr, et al).
The results of this experiment are that when comparing the average mandible length between carnivores and herbivores, the herbivores had the longer mandible length on average. Furthermore, when comparing the average eye length between herbivores and carnivores, the carnivores had larger eyes on average. In Figures 1 and 2 the x-axis represent the two groups of animals being tested and the y-axis represent the average diameter of the length. Figure 1 represents the average mandible length between the two groups of animals. On the same note, the average length of the herbivores mandible length was .806 mm and the average length of the carnivores was .635 mm. Moreover, figure 2 denotes the average eye length between the herbivores and carnivores. Figure 2 displays the average eye length of herbivores which is 0.1579 and the average eye length of the carnivores which is 0.1758. The results of this experiment were that when comparing mandible length between herbivores and carnivores there was a significant
She had stated that her and her husband were jogging one night and came across a stray cat. She said she wasn’t bitten, but the cat did lick her. It is noted that she got the cut from doing yard work earlier in the day but forgot to clean it. She was presented with symptoms such as headache, agitation, insomnia, confusion, excessive salvation, and vomiting. It was noted that she has a medical history of high blood pressure. Vaccine history was noted as up to date. Several tests including samples of saliva, serum, spinal fluid, and skin biopsies of hair follicles at the ankle were conducted to confirm that it was in fact rabies. The patients treatment plan included a series of rabies vaccines given as injections over the course of 14
As described by Mukherjee (2010), src is a gene discovered in Rous sarcoma virus in which it encodes an on or off switch in numerous cellular functions as a way to regulate cell activities. Mukherjee added that the src proteins alter several target molecules, resulting in the tramsmission of signals to the nucleus that help regulate the cell. Furthermore, src gene is described as an oncogenic as it triggers uncontrolled growth in abnormal host cells. According to Mukherjee (2010), "It was termed an oncogene, * a gene capable of causing cancer" (p. 358). src gene incredibly can transform cells from their original none mitotic to mitotic state leading to the cause of cancer. According to Mukherjee's (2010) description, Rous sarcoma virus is a
Good Morning, I am Makadie Drummond and today my presentation is about an infectious viral disease which invades the central nervous system, this is called rabies. Countries that have many wild animals which are not vaccinated include Africa and Asia, as shown in red on the screen. Especially these two countries there is a high risk of contracting rabies. Whereas countries like Australia have a low risk because there only one main animal that causes the disease, this can also be treated with the vaccine.
Rabies a viral disease to warm blooded animals, its timeline dates back as far to 2300 BC. Research shows that dog owners of Babylonian city of Eshnunna (modern Tell Asmar in Diyala Province, Iraq) were fined for their dogs biting and causing death to people of the city. Rabies causes panic and fear into people in 1759-1762 making it a grim barbaric scene in London where street dogs were shot and given a reward restricting dogs to a month of confinement. In the 1800 hundreds becoming a widespread problem to the Western, Northern and Eastern part of Europe, Presenting itself back in North America and Canada to England to never go away. A mass of foxes become infected in France in 1803 this to date has been the largest outbreak to be seen killing
The average incubation period for rabies is one to three months, but may range from several days to many years after exposure. The incubation period is shorter in patients with an exposure in areas that contain a lot of nerves, such as the face, than areas like the extremities. Rabies begins with a period of non-specific symptoms, such as fever, chills, malaise, weakness, sore throat, headache, and vomiting. After this point, the infection may evolve into one of the two major forms of the disease, paralytic or furious. Occurring in 80% of cases, furious rabies is the more common. Productive replication of rabies occurs in areas of the body with high numbers of nerves, such as the salivary glands. Once the virus reaches the brain, it continues to replicate, eventually
...o are bitten. This major source of rabies can be eliminated through ensuring sufficient animal vaccination and control, educating those at risk, and enhancing access of medical care to those bitten. Vaccination of animals, mostly dogs, has reduced the number of human and animal rabies cases in several countries. Pre-exposure immunization is also recommended for people in certain high-risk occupations such as laboratory workers dealing with live rabies virus, veterinarians, animal health technicians or caretakers, and people involved in any activities that might bring them into direct contact with bats, carnivores, and other mammals in rabies-affected areas. Pre-exposure vaccination is an initial three dose series given intramuscularly on days zero, seven, and twenty-one or twenty-eight days. It has been shown to provide superior protection when followed for ten years
Clinical diagnosis of rabies is divided by three stages; prodromal, excitement, and paralytic (though not all of these stages can be observed in an individual). The initial clinical symptom is neuropathic pain that is located at the site of infection or wound due to viral replication. After the prodromal phase, either the excitement stage, the paralytic stage, or both, of the disease may be observed in the particular species (Yousaf, 2012). In the United States, the results of a rabies test are typically available within 24 to 72 hours after an animal is collected and euthanized. Roughly 120,000 animals or more are tested for rabies each year in the United States, and approximately 6% are found to be rabid (“Diagnosis”,
Rabies is an acute viral disease that can be transmitted from wild animals to unvaccinated pets and livestock, as well as to humans. It is caused by the rabies virus, which is present in the saliva of infected animals, and is transmitted through infected through the bite of a rabid animal. Once infection occurs, the virus spreads to the central nervous system and causes inflammation in the brain . Rabies is almost always fatal. Rabies kills more than 35,000 people every year, mostly in Asia, Africa, and Latin America.It is rare for people in the United States or Canada to get rabies. It is more common in developing nations. People usually get rabies when a rabid animal bites them. People in the U.S. and Canada are most likely to get rabies from bats. Bats, raccoons, skunks, foxes, and coyotes are the animals most likely to have rabies in the U.S. and Canada. Small mammals such as mice and squirrels almost never have rabies. Pets that stay indoors are very unlikely to get rabies. If you think you've been exposed to the rabies virus, it's very important to get medical care before symptoms begin.