A H2/O2 proton−exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is a clean, sustainable energy source and suitable for the operation of small electronic device [1]. Among many problems that still exist for PEMFC, the sluggish reactions at the cathode electrode and poor mass transport of protons and electron decrease the fuel cell performance by increasing the activation overvoltage, or activation loss [2]. This problem can, however, be solved by raising the fuel-cell operating temperature [3], but only up to a certain temperature before the deformation or degradatation of polymeric components occurs. Thus, the reduction in the activation overvoltage for low-temperature fuel cell operation is still necessary when the PEMFC components are made of polymer. For the electrode layers made of a carbon black−supported catalyst that has a tendency for agglomeration, previous studies have shown a significant decrease in the activation overvoltage by forming the three-phase boundary (i.e., ionomer, catalyst, and gas) in the primary pores, or the interspaces between carbon black particles in an agglomerate, and the secondary pores, or the interspaces between the agglomerates, which can expedite the redox reactions forward in electrodes, increase the catalyst utilization, and the fuel cell performance [4-6]. It has been demonstrated that the ionomer molecules that can be in the primary pores of carbon black particles (< 40 nm in diameter) should have a low molecular weight [7] or can be formed by polymerization of monomers present in the primary pores [8]. In contrast, the ionomer molecules with molecular weights of the order of several hundred thousand grams per mole (e.g., Nafion) cannot penetrate the primary pores and only remain in the secondary por... ... middle of paper ... ... Systems Explained, John Wiley & Sons, England, 2003. [4] T. Nakajima, T. Tamaki, H. Ohashi, T. Yamaguchi, J. Electrochem. Soc. 160 (2013) F129−F134. [5] M. Uchida, Y. Fukuoka, Y. Sugawara, N. Eda, A. Ohta, J. Electrochem. Soc. 143 (1996) 2245−2252. [6] H. Mizuhata, S.-i. Nakao, T. Yamaguchi, J. Power Sources 138 (2004) 25−30. [7] W. Phompan, N. Hansupalak, J. Power Sources 196 (2011) 147−152. [8] M. Carmo, T. Roepke, C. Roth, A.M. dos Santos, J.G.R. Poco, M. Linardi, J. Power Sources 191 (2009) 330−337. [9] M. Watanabe, M. Tomikawa, S. Motoo, Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 195 (1985) 81−93. [10] M. Uchida, Y. Aoyama, N. Eda, A. Ohta, J. Electrochem. Soc. 142 (1995) 4143−4149 [11] U. Thanganathana, D. Dixon, S.L. Ghatty, R. Bobba, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 37 (2012) 17810−17820. [12] J. Parrondo, F. Mijangos, B. Rambabu, J. Power Sources 195 (2010) 3977−3983.
The complete experimental procedure is available in the General Chemistry Laboratory Manual for CSU Bakersfield, CHEM 213, pages 20-22, 24-25. Experimental data are recorded on the attached data pages.
Muller, S., Prowse, D. L., & Soper, M. E. (2012, September 25). CompTIA A+ Cert Guide: Power Supplies and System Cooling | Foundation Topics | Pearson IT Certification. Retrieved March 20, 2014, from http://www.pearsonitcertification.com/articles/article.aspx?p=1945640
Cyclic voltammetry makes possible the elucidation of the kinetics of electrochemical reactions taking place at the electrode surface [31, 32]. In a typical voltammogram, there can be several peaks. From the sweep-rate dependence of the possible to investigate the role of adsorption, diffusion and coupled homogeneous chemical reaction mechanism. [33]
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Kranzler, J. H., Flores, C. G., & Coady, M. (2010). Examination of the Cross-Battery Approach
Shinno, H., Matsuoka, T., Yamamoto, O., Noma, Y., Hikasa, S., Takebayashi, M., & Horigughi, J. (2007).
In the search engine “Google dictionary” the author announces, “Fuel cell: a cell producing an electric current directly from a chemical reaction.” Fuel cells were thought of in 1839 by Sir William Grove who was known as “Father of the Fuel Cell.” In the article “History of
Schreuder, Jolanda A. H.; Roelen, Corné A. M.; van Zweeden, Nely F.; Jongsma, Dianne; van der Klink, Jac J. L.; Groothoff, Johan W.
Basic Mathematics for Electronics seventh edition: Nelson M. Cooke, Herbert F.R Adams, Peter B. Dell, T. Adair Moore; Copyright 1960
Recent years have shown an increasingly large need for a practical renewable energy source for such reasons as diminishing fossil fuels and increases in greenhouse gasses. Hydrogen appears to be a way out of this gasoline-dug hole, or at least, a way out in the future. Hydrogen fuel cell cars are being engineered as we speak as the technologies to refuel them cleanly are being proposed. Unfortunately, most of the technologies associated with hydrogen are still in the prototype/pre-production stages and require better enhancements before becoming mainstream. This paper assesses the practicality of hydrogen power in cars both now and in the future while explicating the actual process of how a hydrogen fuel cell works.
Plontke, R. (2003, March 13). Chemnitz UT. TU Chemnitz: - Technische Universität Chemnitz. Retrieved April 1, 2014, from http://www.tu-chemnitz.de/en/
The fuel cell manufactured by Ballard Power Systems is fuel cell that requires hydrogen and oxygen to create electricity. The fuel cell itself consists of two flow field plates, and two thin sheets of catalysts with a Polymer Electrolyte Membrane or Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) in between (see Figure 1). The hydrogen is fed in through one plate and oxygen collected from the air in another – on either side of the membrane. Of the two electrodes on is the anode and the other is the cathode. The hydrogen reaches the ano...
American Institute of Physics. Vol. 1051 Issue 1 (2008). Academic Search Premier.> 224. http://login.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=34874307&site=ehost-live.
Kennedy, Gerry. "The Spectronics Blog." The Spectronics Blog RSS. Spectronicsinoz, 15 May 2012. Web. 04 Mar. 2014.
... S.M., My Yang, Halvorson, D.A & Sreevatsan, S. (2009) The Feasibility of Using High