A H2/O2 proton−exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is a clean, sustainable energy source and suitable for the operation of small electronic device [1]. Among many problems that still exist for PEMFC, the sluggish reactions at the cathode electrode and poor mass transport of protons and electron decrease the fuel cell performance by increasing the activation overvoltage, or activation loss [2]. This problem can, however, be solved by raising the fuel-cell operating temperature [3], but only up to
Fuel Cell Technology Fuel Cells are a hot topic these days between the soon to come fuel cell cars that Toyota and Honda plan on unveiling this year and the $1.2 billion president Bush announced he would dedicate to fuel cell research during his State of the Union address. The least efficient of these electrochemical energy converters are at least as efficient as internal combustion engines and many are doubly as efficient when using special techniques. Exhaust from fuel cells is extremely
Hydrogen Fuel Cells Vs. Gasoline: Who’s Down With HFC? ABSTRACT: The world’s oil supply is a diminishing nonrenewable resource. Soon, a new fuel for automobiles will be needed. Hydrogen fuel cells may very well become the chief replacement for gasoline in our society. INTRODUCTION: In our busy world today, we often find ourselves surrounded by vehicles. But how often do we ponder about by which means these vehicles are running? Vehicles are fueled by gasoline, a gradually diminishing resource
A fuel cell is mainly used to provide electricity from chemical reactions. It harnesses the chemical energy of hydrogen and oxygen to generate electricity without combustion one of the basic types of fuel cells is the Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC). This section will give a general description of its parts, how do they function and the material they are consisted of. 3.2 Background Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells operate at relatively low temperatures, around 80°C (176°F)
alternative fuel Transport exporters are looking for alternative ways to keep human mobility. Gasoline is widely used in motor vehicle. Beside gasoline there is another alternative fuel such as E85, natural gas, compress natural gas, liquid petroleum gas, propane is used as substitute fuel to cut dependence on gasoline. Vehicle makers are putting a billion dollars searching for alternative fuel. Therefore, fuel cells could be a potential candidate for alternative fuel. When considering fuel cell, hydrogen
Hydrogen: Car Power of the Future Abstract Recent years have shown an increasingly large need for a practical renewable energy source for such reasons as diminishing fossil fuels and increases in greenhouse gasses. Hydrogen appears to be a way out of this gasoline-dug hole, or at least, a way out in the future. Hydrogen fuel cell cars are being engineered as we speak as the technologies to refuel them cleanly are being proposed. Unfortunately, most of the technologies associated with hydrogen are still
Introduction: A fuel cell is a device that converts the chemical energy from a fuel into electricity through a chemical reaction of positively charged hydrogen ions with oxygen or another oxidizing agent. Fuel cells are different from batteries in that they require a continuous source of fuel and oxygen or air to sustain the chemical reaction, whereas in a battery the chemicals present in the battery react with each other to generate an electromotive (emf). Fuel cells can produce electricity
Chapter-V THEORITICAL ANALYSIS The performance of the PEM fuel cell is evaluated by a thermodynamic analysis, which is of two types, viz., energy analysis and exergy analysis. The energy analysis is made by applying the first law of thermodynamics to the fuel cell. The efficiency is defined by considering the heat input to the fuel cell and the work output from the fuel cell. In the exergy analysis the fuel cell and the surrounding environment are considered together. The efficiency is defined based
PEM water electrolysis Introduction It is now well understood that use of fossil fuels as energy sources is unsustainable and damaging to the environment. The world is now moving in the direction of using renewable energy sources that are better for the environment and mitigate some of the damage that has been done. While this is virtuous it is not without its challenges. One of the biggest problems is that renewable energy sources have fluctuating outputs. It is therefore of the utmost importance
recharging due to the limited storage capacities of batteries, it was faster to fuel a gas car than recharge an electric car, and finally, the mass production of the gas car lowered its price significantly compared to the electric car. Present day, the conventional gas powered vehicle is still preferred over electric cars, but advances in hydrogen fuel cell technology are making the option of owning a hydrogen fuel cell powered car more of a possibility as well as highlighting the benefits of other
ravenous appetite for fossil fuels. The huge increase in human population and also the industrial revolution were the major sources of fossil fuel consumption. However it is becoming obvious that our dependence on fossil fuels is causing many problems that we are going to have to address. Therefore, our greatest challenge is to find means to reduce the extraction and combustion of fossil fuels. Fortunately, we have the potential to reduce the CO2 emission from fossil fuels combustion by converting them
The Future of Hydrogen Fuel Cells The present global economy is nearly entirely dependent on petroleum and crude oil imports from the Middle East. Where the current situation stands now, oil prices will continue to skyrocket and the environmental impact will continue becoming greater if no form of alternative energy is implemented to a greater extent within the coming years. However, to this effect, the industrial cost of producing such forms of alternative energy is in itself primarily composed
A microbial fuel cell (MFC) or biological fuel cell is a bio-electrochemical system that drives a current by using bacteria, and mimicking bacterial interactions found in nature. (2) This assignment focuses on creating a microbiological fuel cell to create and obtain low voltage electricity by using six different sugars (Glucose, Fructose, Sucrose, Maltose, Galactose) and dry yeast as the micro-organism instead of bacteria. To generate electrical energy through oxidation of biodegradable organic
“Sunlight plays a much larger role in our sustenance than we may expect all the food we eat and all the fossil fuel we use is a product of photosynthesis, which is the process that converts energy in sunlight to chemical forms of energy that can be used by biological systems” (Vermaas). This quote shows that photosynthesis is the most essential part of the exchange between humans and plants because it produces all the resources we need. When we sit down to eat fruit or vegetables, we usually don’t
Did you know that you can receive a maximum of a $7,500 tax credit for just owning an electric or hybrid vehicle? The United States government values citizens that buy fuel efficient vehicles because it gets the United States one step closer to not buying outsourced oil (Jones par.14). Hybrid vehicles are vehicles that are mostly powered by gasoline, but switch over to electric at stop signs or at coasting speeds. Electric cars are cars that are solely powered by electric from start up to shut
Fuel Cell: A fuel Cell is an Electrochemical Device which generates electrical power continuously as a gaseous fuel is electrochemically burnt in a continuous manner. Fuel Cell in Short: Anode (+) Electrolyte Cathode(-) Fuel → Oxidant → 1. Electrochemical Device 2. Generates Electricity 3. Required a continuous flow of reactants 4. Uses pure of hydrogen gas or hydrocarbons as fuel 5. The use of hydrocarbons may require a reformer 6. Basic fuel cells contains as anode, cathode and electrolyte.
Hydrogen: the Fuel of the Future? The Problem: For years, United States citizens have been using natural gases and oils to power their cars. While doing so we have also been polluting our environment, making ourselves dependant on other regions of the world, and depleting our oil reserves. Rory Sporrows of “Geographical” wrote, “The car is responsible for combusting eight million barrels of oil every day, contributing to nearly a quarter of total global greenhouse emissions and causing major
Fred M. Kimball of Boston with building the first practical electric cars in 1888. Later in the in the decade, William Morrison of Des Moines, Iowa, constructed his version of the electric vehicle in 1891. His vehicle required 24 storage battery cells, took 10 hours to charge, and could run for 13 hours. It could carry up to 12 people and had a 4-horsepower motor. His car could reach speeds up to 14 miles per hour. Morrison, however, never mass-produced his vehicle. The first commercially produced
turn of the helix. Number of base pairs per turn. The multiplicity in size between major and the minor groove. QUATERNARY STRUCTURE: Quaternary structure is the complex level of organization of the nucleic acids. This organization refers to the exchanges of the nucleic acids with the other molecules.
Bridges). The scientific term salt bridge has two different uses in chemistry. The original use is described as an electrically conductive gel union that is between two half-cells of a voltaic cell studied in the field of electrochemistry. The second