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Incarcerated parents and juvenile delinquency
Effect of incarceration of parents on children
Effect of incarceration of parents on children
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There are many prison programs that can incarcerated families especially mothers and fathers. These programs that are made up are there to help parents reunite with their children by giving them tools and information about how to treat children, to control their emotions and reaction towards issues that might get out of control, some programs even help by educating and increasing a parents self-esteem by giving them knowledge information. Not only do parenting prison programs help bond parents and children but it also helps the incarcerated person get connected with the outside world again by giving their community an insight on how to help and respond to an incarcerated person needs. In this research paper the following issues will be looked at: attachment-based program, the types of problems parents have with their children while incarcerated, and the teachings of parental strategies to use when in prison and out of prison. About one child in 50 in the United States currently has an incarcerated parent, but ensuing attachment disruptions for children depend substantially on the parent’s gender (Bretherton, 2011, p. 18). When fathers are imprisoned (by far the most common occurrence), 88% of the children continue to be cared for by their mothers (Bretherton, 2011, p. 18). Only 37% of fathers care for at least one of their children under these circumstances (Bretherton, 2011, p. 18).When mothers are incarcerated, children are most likely to live with a grandmother or aunt with whom they may or may not have a close relationship (Bretherton, 2011, p. 18). The majority of children whose mothers serve prison sentences not only face separation from the person most likely to be their principal attachment figure (Bretherton, 2011, p... ... middle of paper ... ... , 417-428. Eddy, J., C.R., M., Schiffmann, T., Newton, R., Olin, L., Leve, L., et al. (2008). Development of a multisystemic parent management training intervention for incarcerated parents, their children and families. Clinical Psychologist , 86-98. Hairston, C., & Lockett, P. (1987). Parents in Prison: New Directions for Social Services. Social Work , 162-164. Hobler, B. (2001). The Awakening of Fatherhood: A Program for Incarcerated Men. Journal of Correctional Education , 108-113. Newman, C., Fowler, C., & Cashin, A. (2011). The development of a parenting program for incarcerated mothers in Australia: A review of prison-based parenting programs. Contemporary Nurse: A Journal for the Australian Nursing Profession , 2-11. Thompson, P., & Harm, N. (2000). PARENTING FROM PRISON: Helping Children and Mothers. Issues in Comprehensive Pediatric Nursing , 61-81.
“The Long Goodbye: Mother’s Day in Federal Prison”, written by Amanda Coyne depicts the struggles of parents and family members with the emotional trauma children go through due to the absence of their loved one. The story tugs the heart strings of readers with its descriptive account of Mother’s Day in a minimum security federal prison. Coyne describes the human emotions and truly gives an accurate account of what being in a visitation room is like. “The Long Goodbye: Mother’s Day in Federal Prison” makes the reader question the criminal justice system and convinces him or her to adjust their way of thinking towards the definition of criminalization through the logos, pathos, and ethos demonstrated throughout the text.
This article dives deeper into the issue of black incarcerated women by going one step deeper and examining another dynamic of this issue, which is black incarcerated mothers specifically. I appreciate this article because it recognizes that this corrupt and unjust system is also the result of heteropatriarchy, that insists women be dependent on men, and punishes those who defy this standard. It is important to also recognize that traditional notions of family are invoked in these ideals and punishments, constructed by Eurocentric patriarchy. Although I will only briefly discuss how foster systems are connected with this issue because this is nevertheless an important dynamic to identify, I will mostly focus on the mothers themselves and how they are affected by the maintenance of black incarcerated
When prisoners are released from prison they rely on their family members as much as they can when they are first released. Supported by Annie Casey she stated “Two months after their release, a strong majority of released prisoners in Maryland (80%) and Illinois (88%) were living with a family member.” This statement can conclude that when prisoners are released from incarceration they are heavily reliable on their families for financial support. There is a difference of who the prisoner lives with when returning home and it can effect whether the prisoner returns to prison when Casey states, “Studies [conclude] that men that end up living with wives and children [happen to do] better than those who either lived alone or returned to live with a parent (Casey 1).” This statement proves that when men return home they have a better chance of staying out of trouble when they live with their wife and child compared to living alone or with a parent; but why is that? I believe that when spouses and children are present in the household the prisoner feels obligated to take care of them and support them when they return compared to living with parents the person may slip into bad habits because they are only going to have to look after themselves instead of taking care of a
While most expectant mothers are planning for baby showers, shopping for maternity clothes and preparing the baby’s nursery, the incarcerated mother-to-be has to remain in a constant state of alertness and preparedness for situations that can put her and her unborn baby at risk, in an environment that is both intimidating and routinely violent. (Hutchinson et. al., 2008)
Lyon, J. (2004). Troubled inside: young people in prison. Mental Health Review Journal, 9(2), 24-27.
I had a lot of separation issues from my father and mother when they were incarcerated. The living situation changed to living with my grandparents and having them raise us kids. There are studies that show that either parent are more likely in be incarcerated when not living with the child, but in my case both my parents were together when my father got
When a person becomes a parent, their role in life undoubtedly changes. The person must become a teacher, a guide, and a helping hand in the life of the child. Research has shown that there is a distinct connection between how a child is raised and their overall developmental outcome. John Bowlby’s attachment theory emphasizes the importance of the regular and sustained contact between the parent-infant or parent-child relationship (Travis & Waul 2003). Yet, what happens when the only physical contact a child can share with their parent is a hand pressed on the shield of glass that separates the two? What happens when the last memory of their mother or father was from the corner of their own living room as they watched their parent become handcuffed? In 2007, there was an estimate of approximately 1.7 million children of incarcerated parents in the United States (Poehlmann, Dallaire, Loper & Shear 2010). Of those 1.7 million children, 58% of those children are under the age of 10, with the mean age being 8 (Travis & Waul 2003). The children of incarcerated parents are often moved from one family and one school to the next. The child must cope with this issue in home and in school, and may find it especially hard to cope with during school. Schools, however, can be a safe place for these children. This research explored the psychological effects of parent incarceration on the child, the school-based problems that occur as a result, and what educators can do to support children of incarcerated parents.
“Although nearly 90% of children remain with their mothers when fathers go to prison, grandparents usually care for children when mothers are incarcerated” (Johnson & Waldfogel, 2002; Snell, 1994 as cited in; Poehlmann). This shows that the family structure is more drastically upset when the mother is imprisoned versus the father. This also shows that just losing one parent while staying in the same environment is easier to self-adjust back into equilibrium than it is to fully change and integrate into another household. While the mother is in prison, the child is now in the care of someone else and where that child is, is crucial to their development. This explains that a disrupt in family structure can impact a child’s skills that are necessary to a positive development, such as reading and math skills and the ability to focus in class to learn. Emily Durkheim’s structural functionalism theory can be used to further explain this topic. A child’s family is an organism, no matter that typicality of it’s makeup. Every person has a role in the structure and when a mother is incarcerated that disrupts the system and the children are moved into a new structure, the process towards equilibrium can be tough and in some cases detrimental to their development as they are exposed to more intellectual
...(2004). Applying the principles of effective intervention to juvenile correctional programs. Corrections Today, 66(7), 26-29. Retrieved from http://ehis.ebscohost.com.proxy-library.ashford.edu/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=4bd9d7f2-8ac5-42c6-a100-a2443eda9cbf@sessionmgr4002&vid=1&hid=4213
The challenges of children who grow up with parents whom were incarcerated at some point in their childhood can have a major effect on their life. The incarceration of parents can at times begin to affect the child even at birth. Now with prison nurseries the impregnated mother can keep her baby during her time in jail. With the loss of their parent the child can begin to develop behavioral problems with being obedient, temper tantrums, and the loss of simple social skills. Never learning to live in a society they are deprived of a normal social life. “The enormous increase incarceration led to a parallel, but far less documented, increase in the proportion of children who grew up with a parent incarcerated during their childhood” (Johnson 2007). This means the consequences of the children of the incarcerated parents receive no attention from the media, or academic research. The academic research done in this paper is to strengthen the research already worked by many other people. The impact of the parent’s incarceration on these children can at times be both positive and negative. The incarceration of a parent can be the upshot to the change of child’s everyday life, behavioral problems, and depriving them a normal social life.
In this article, Adalist-Estrin discusses the effects that parental incarceration on the adolescent population. Of the many different effects and contributing factors parental imprisonment can have on children, she targets a very prominent three that result in a lack of support and understanding of the presenting issue. The author further discusses and lists the various ways many of these adolescents may experience parental incarceration, including the feelings associated with this trauma. The article sheds light on the challenges faced with providing support as well as why it is crucial to create supportive environments for these children. Importantly, Adalist-Estrin goes on to explain the importance of the roles educators, counselors, and community advocates play as supporters. Suggestions and strategies are offered for responding to and working with this population of children, including that of a support group.
Correctional nursing has become a specialty in the nursing profession in the past few years (Shoenly, 2015). Although it is a relatively new caring role, it is quickly evolving as an important element of society (Weiskopf, 2004). Correctional nursing includes nurses that contribute to the health improvement of inmates and detainees that are not able to reach heath access outside of their boundaries or are in need of care. According to Weiskopf. (2004), there are more than two million prisoners in the United States, whereas Statistics Canada. (2016) says that there were more than 35 000 inmates in Canadian custody (Reitano, 2003). The importance of exploring Correctional nursing is to identify the impact nurses have in prisons. It is important
Nell Bernstein in his book, All Alone in the World: Children of the Incarcerated, is a moving insight into the effects of America’s incarceration policy. The award-winning journalist delves into the lives of children whose parents are locked up in prison. The book is a condemnation of the penal code of the U.S. Over two million children and parents who are torn apart by the current incarceration policy are subjects in the book. It gives accounts of the challenges that children with incarcerated parents face in their lives.
A mother is a child’s primary caregiver since the second that they are born and their presence plays an important role in a child’s development. With the absence of the mother due to imprisonment, it can have a negative effect on a child’s social and psychological well-being. This often will result in this way because mothers are now unable to provide their child with the attention that they need daily. As a result of not being able to do so, children of incarcerated mothers find themselves struggling with behavioral problems.
The incarceration of a parent puts a sever strain on a child’s emotions and causes hurts and experiences that will emotionally affect a child for life. Research show that younger school-age children were more likely to have emotional difficulties if they had an incarcerated parent. Children of an incarcerated parent also face rejection. It is interesting to note that research showed that older youth were less distressed by parental incarceration, perhaps because incarceration was not as recent.