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Physiological responses of the body during exercise
Physiological responses of the body during exercise
Physiology of Sport and Exercise
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The physiological responses of an athlete are directly influenced by their muscular ability, cardiovascular, respiratory and even immune systems. Much research has been conducted to determine what exercises are best suited to train these physiological responses (cdc.gov, N/A).
Physiological responses can be analysed in the term of immediate (acute) or long term (chronic) responses. Training routines are aimed at improving both of these. Acute responses are considered to be fast acting, therefore, they are called immediate while long term responses influence the athlete’s performance (Steele J, 2012). Chronic responses which also comes under the word of adaptations, and happens when training occurs, the changes are permanent while an athlete
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The physiological response of heart rate is further required because when resting only 20% of blood is received in each heartbeat. Once exercise starts 80% is received to the muscles being used, thus enhancing the exercise endurance (Rowell 1986). Heart rate is also concomitant with respiration and VO2 Max. This is because heart rate is important in meeting the needs of the volume of oxygen required (cdc.gov, N/A). They both are continually increasing till a maximum and plateau is reached. This will need to be enhanced during the training session because of the importance of oxygen in recovering the ATP-PC quickly in touch. If improved enough by the training session the heart will be able to continually increase up to maximal rates of work (Scruggs et al. 1991; Gledhill, Cox, Jamnik …show more content…
Commonly seen in touch football when rucking quickly down the field. It is a desired response in touch football because the increase in oxygen consumption can help meet the needs of the ATP-PC system (Melissa Arkinstall, 2010), used 80% of the time in a game. The VO2 Max helps even after the game by including the restoration of muscle fuels such as ATP, the metabolism of lactate and the replacement of oxygen to myoglobin. Going from a resting point straight to running is commonly seen as a winger. Thus making VO2 Max important so the oxygen consumed can increased quickly enough to be able to handle the energy requirements of the muscles contracting (Melissa Arkinstall,
In this lab, we explored the theory of maximal oxygen consumption. “Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) is defined as the highest rate at which oxygen can be taken up and utilized by the body during severe exercise” (Bassett and Howley, 2000). VO2max is measured in millimeters of O2 consumed per kilogram of body weight per min (ml/kg/min). It is commonly known as a good way to determine a subject’s cardio-respiratory endurance and aerobic fitness level. Two people whom are given the same aerobic task (can both be considered “fit”) however, the more fit individual can consume more oxygen to produce enough energy to sustain higher, intense work loads during exercise. The purpose of this lab experiment was performed to determine the VO2max results of a trained vs. an untrained participant to see who was more fit.
McKenzie, D. C. (2012). Respiratory physiology: Adaptations to high-level exercise. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 46(6), 381. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2011-090824
Secondly, a touch football player’s heart rate would adapt in response to training. The athlete’s heart rate would decrease, both at rest and during exercise, as a direct result of the increased stroke volume and improved efficiency of the cardiorespiratory system.
Muscular endurance- As the player must continue running, their muscles will begin to tire and lactic acid will build up in their muscles. To ensure the players muscle don’t fatigue, the coach of this elite athlete has clearly targeted their muscular endurance. Shown through the multiple resistance trainings and circuit training, the athletes muscular endurance will be sure to improve.
Lehmann, Manfred, Carl Foster, and Joseph Keul. "Overtraining in endurance athletes: a brief review." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise (1993).
The two main component of fitness used extensively in football is cardiovascular and muscular endurance. Cardiovascular endurance is mainly focused on the respiratory system and it determines how effective your heart is in pump blood and oxygen to the muscles. It also focuses on what level your heart rate is at (bpm) and how much oxygen you physically need when playing sports. Muscular endurance mainly focus on the muscular system and it determines how long you muscles can be physically working for, at both lower and higher intensities, when playing a sport. It is the speed which your muscles take to tire and fatigue. In football, you are having to constantly running around the pitch to either receive passes, create space, run back to your
9G. Heath, "A Physiological Comparison of Young and Older Endurance Athletes," Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 51, No. 3, Sept. 1981, p. 639.
A high degree of aerobic training such as small-sided games, continuous running and interval running may be needed to reach the desired level of aerobic fitness. This test should be implemented again in the middle of pre-season training (to see if training alterations are needed) and at the end of pre-season training (to see if goals are reached). As well as this, trainers can compare results to V02 max score equivalents which is the gold-standard indicator of aerobic fitness. (Mackenzie, no date)
AIM: - the aim of this experiment is to find out what the effects of exercise are on the heart rate. And to record these results in various formats. VARIABLES: - * Type of exercise * Duration of exercise * Intensity of exercise * Stage of respiration
In American football, there are different positions that demand different skill sets from athletes. For example, athletes that are a part of the offensive line would need muscle power in short spurts, while running backs or wide receivers would need running endurance. When creating a training program for a football athlete, it is clear that we must take their position and the type of plays they will be performing into consideration. Anaerobic training would prove to be valuable for all players on the team, but anaerobic training should be used with athletes that perform plays that require cardiovascular endurance. Aerobic training and aerobic exercises will improve an athlete's maximal oxygen uptake, which will not only improve the athlete's recovery from explosive movements, but also allow the athlete to sprint for longer periods of time before slowing down or feeling
When comparing HIIT and Continuous training (endurance) VO2max is an upright indicator of performance improvement. VO2 is the amount of oxygen consumption of tissues and is calculated by cardiac output * a-v O2 diff. Based on the results of 11 men and women who participated in a 8 week training program obtained by Daussin, VO2max is improved by 9% for endurance exercise and 15% for HIIT (Daussin et al. ,2008). Shown in figure 1, these differences were noted based on different physiological adaptations. Using the equation, endurance exercise improved a-v O2 diff therefore increasing VO2max. Displayed in figure 1, endurance training had a
In this paper I will be looking at an article called The Over Training Syndrome, which was written in 1994. I will be comparing the information in the article with the content from the week 6 Qualifying Sports Training lecture. This will be done by directly quoting the article, then the lecture and having a short discussion on the quoted point. The four areas of comparison will be; the definition of overtraining, the cause of overtraining, the effects of over training, and the recovery time from overtraining. The goal of this paper is to discuss the advancement in knowledge over the last twenty years in these four points on overtraining.
Aerobic Power or commonly known as VO2 max, measures how much oxygen is consumed by a person in one minute. In soccer, high aerobic capacity is seen to aid recovery as it reduces fatigue through glycogen sparing and counteracting the decline of PH qu...
The last and most important process of the energy used by athletes during competition is the recovery period that the athletes must go through. Not only is it vital to the athlete but it is most important for the athlete’s muscles to go through the recovery period.
In order to improve the sporting performance of a 100-meter sprinter and a touch football player, the athletes must train in specific ways. There are some similarities and some differences between the types of training and training methods that each athlete must take part in in order to improve their performance. Both athletes require strength, flexibility, aerobic and anaerobic training in order to improve their performance, though the method and quantity of these training types must vary in relation to the requirements of either sprinting or touch football.