The aim of this investigation is to assemble a naturalistic observational study to evaluate touching behaviour of male and female pair interactions in social settings and compare finding with other theories and hypothesis, either the theory presented by Henley that there is a gender main effect for the initiation of touch over both male and female recipients can be conformed, and thus concludes that the alternate hypothesis can be accepted in favour of the null hypothesis. One of the observational studies addressing questions of intentional touches with the hand where adolescent males were seen to touch adolescent females significantly more than vice versa is Henley 's (1973). Further evaluation of findings will be evaluated using the nominal data method. The results will then be analysed, and concluded. Hypotheses H1 - There is a statistically significant difference in touching behaviour between male and female couples when observed in social situation. H0 - There is no statistically significant difference in touching behaviour between male and female couples when observed in social situation. The relationship is expected to be non-directional so a two-tailed hypothesis is used. Method Design: This study is going to investigate touching behaviour of male and female pair interactions in social settings This is a naturalistic observational study based within a public premises, with opportunity data sampling and independent measures, that will include anonymously observing pairs without their concern, within two hours time-frame between 20 of December 2014 and 2 of January 2015, using independent subjects design and data analysis using nominal data charts, considering non-offensive and non-aggressive any kind of touch of any par... ... middle of paper ... ...r observation of the behaviour in the familiar settings out of the tourist season and unknown visitors. The participants are chosen at opportunity sample of opposite sex pairs, ten females and ten males. With the use of a raw data chart, the observer will note the first touch instigated by either partner, this will be carefully noted onto the raw data chart, and then re-evaluated against the expected data with no control group involved. The use of nominal statistical analyses will then be performed, using the two tailed design. Selection bias removed by opportunity sampling as well as bias of researcher. No instruction or debriefing was giving as it was covert observation with no concern obtained. Results: Within this study, adult females were shown to initiate ‘touch’ on males within a public area. Table 2: A table to show percentage of touching initiated by gender.
The participants in this study included a total of 36 boys and 36 girls ranging in age from 3 years to almost 6 years. The average age of the children was 4 years, and 4 months. The control group consisted of 24 children, who would not be exposed to any model. The rest of the 48 children were divided into two groups: one group was exposed to aggressive models and the other group was exposed to nonaggressive models. These groups were then divided again into males and females. They were then further divided so that half of the children were exposed to same-sex models and opposite-sex models. (Leaving 8 experimental groups and 1 control group.)
For my breaching experiment, I decided to break the social norm of looking at someone while engaged in conversation with them. Today, it is socially unacceptable and impolite to avoid looking at someone when talking to them. The background assumption for a typical conversation is that direct eye contact will be made more often than not; otherwise social norms are being violated. Avoiding eye contact during an exchange tends to dehumanize the person that is not receiving the eye contact. It is impolite and offensive, not looking at someone who is talking makes it seem as though the topic being discussed is unimportant. For my research experiment I would constantly talk to someone without initiating eye contact, or with my back facing toward the subject, not turning around or making eye contact until I had to ring up their order or make the drink for them. This research is important because it uncovers what happens when the social norm of
Based upon these former studies, observation was undergone in roughly the same manner, with a new hypothesis in mind. The hypothesis is that when engaged in conversation, male-female dyads make more of overt effort to appear interested in conversation. Since actual conversing was not overheard, and distance between individuals was virtually irrelevant, the significant variables in this study a...
To complete this report, data was collected over a 5 week period using resources from the Internet and Library of the University. Theoretical evidence was also taken from the Communication Theory textbook. The data was collected and analysed from numerous authors of peer reviewed articles that discussed in varying degrees the many aspects of nonverbal communication.
Further evidence of communicative differences exist between men and women in various other social settings as well. Consider, for example, those individuals employed in customer service-related Jobs. While in JC Penny, I noticed that female customer service representatives were more apt to offer immediate friendly assistance than the male reps. Men are not as cocky nor as confident in this sort of situation; their eyes tend to dart around the area of the store while the eyes of a women remain focused upon the eyes of the customer. The men seem to communicate with a lot less smiles. Apparently they have to get past a certain “ice-breaking'; point before they will feel comfortable with a genuine look of happiness.
Hughes, J., & Goldman, M. (1978). Eye contact, facial expression, sex and the violation of personal space. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 46, 579-584.
The next few observations involve his interactions with Person B. Person A was consistently reaching across the table and holding Person B’s hand. Whenever possible, he was touching Person B in some way—whether holding her hand or rubbing her arm. Another observation was his use of personal space. Upon walking to the table, Person A had his arm around Person B and was holding Person B close. There was no personal space needed for Person A in this instance. A fourth o...
In fact, attitudes in interaction between men and women are extremely diverse among verbal and non-verbal interactions. The verbal interaction is spoken and written interaction; and nonverbal interaction is facial expressions, gestures, body movements, sounds, eye contact, etc. For verbal interactions, the researchers’ ( Tannen, 1990; Wood, 1996; Brownlow, Rosamon, & Parker, 2003; Colley, Todd, Bland, Holmes, Khanom, & Pike 2004; Herring, 1993) findings outline that women speak a language of connection and intimacy to achieve “instrumental” goals while speak a language of status and independence to acquire “instrumental” goals within the sociolinguistics . As the result, it is very crucial for everyone to understand the spoken interaction so that man/woman is able to how to interact correctly and appropriately with each other by using language. Let’s analyse an example of ‘mhmm’, the women use ‘mhmm’ quite often with regard to the meaning “I’m listening” whereas the men use ‘mhmm’ so as to show ‘I’m agreeing’, (Maltz and Borkers, 1982, p. 202). In addition, Stenstrom (1994, p. 1) mentioned that spoken interaction is a joint, speakers take turns and speakers cooperate are two key principles through social activities. Another verbal interaction example is computer-mediated interaction, such as email, chat rooms, and computer-mediated discussion groups and so forth. The
Despite how us humans are prone to communication, communication is a complex phenomena. That is why Personal and Scholarly concepts are made, to act as a guide, making communication easy. Personal theories are based on, one’s own observation about how they themself communicate. Scholarly theories and concepts are based on evidence and research. Though the fundamentals of personal and scholarly theory are different, they can often relate to each other. My two personal theories are related to non-verbal communication. While conversing, I have a tendency to avoid eye contact. I usually have to refrain myself from averting my eyes while conversing. My other non-verbal theory is about how I give different types of hugs, depending on the relationship
As humans, we can’t live without touch. It 's in our nature, to be touched and crave touch. It 's how we commentate, with people we care about it. How you were raised at home, when it comes to touch will greatly impact your life. There are some people who don’t have any empathy, that partly comes from childhood. Touch is a language, we often overlook this matter. In my research paper, I will be going over, the important power that touch has on our lives. Understanding what touch means, Cognitively and psychically.
Personal space is a psychological boundary with the comfort levels of different individuals. Homo Sapiens had inherited a cognitive reasoning for the need of space. Personal space is necessary for physiological needs as well as biological needs. For this assignment, I used my live-in partner as a dependent variable and personal space as an independent variable. I also include his friends as an independent variable. My hypothesis: more eye contact occurs when personal space is invaded.
The experiment given by Aronson and Cope tested the attractiveness and punishments given by a person based on their relationship with another person. Forty male and forty female were randomly assigned to get a harsh experimenter and pleasant experimenter, harsh experimenter and harsh supervisor, pleasant experimenter and pleasant supervisor, or pleasant experimenter and harsh supervisor. The people who participated in the experiment thought they were participating in a study on creativity. The college students had to write a creative story on each picture that they were shown. The graduate student, who was the experimenter, always had a negative reaction to their stories but was either considerate about letting them know or was really harsh and rude about informing the students about their not creative stories. Then the experimenter would put his foot on the on the vent in the room and that would signal the supervisor to come interrupt the session to let the experimenter know if they had done a good job or bad job on the research that he had been conducting. This research is ba...
I decided to use my school as the setting due to the variety of people in my age group that I could use for my experiment. I tested 2 female friends, 1 male friend, my direct family, 1 female acquaintance, and 1 male acquaintance. For every one of these people I started out putting my hand on the person 's shoulder, then I continued by getting closer not breaking eye contact and putting my head slightly closer to the subject if I got a response. If I didn’t receive a response, then I continued getting closer until the person responded. If I saw signs of distress I
It is clear to see that men and women are very different physically. This can be determined by weight, shape, size and anatomy. It is these physical differences that have advantageous functions for both persons as well as survival importance. However, the psychological differences tend to be less obvious, but are profoundly important as they show how men and women respond differently to a variety of situations and how men and women act differently in relationships between friends, between their children, and between each other.
In spite the fact that shaking hands is widely spread in many cultures as a kind of greeting, we find that the Japanese people and japan one of countries where is people are not accustomed to shake hands and kiss, where such physical contact is considered to be immoral conduct!