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Stress when youre pregnant cause and effect thesis
Malnutrition in developing countries
Malnutrition in developing countries
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Introduction In this paper, I would highlight the barriers and solution for the maternal mortality conditions in Malawi. Prior to the year 1990, maternal mortality was prevalent and thus became the issue to be included and solve as fifth Millennium Development Goal (MDG). The addition of maternal mortality into the goals of solving international issues proves its significance towards building a better society. The World Health Organization (WHO) describes maternal mortality as, The death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, irrespective of the duration and site of the pregnancy, from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management but not from accidental or incidental causes. To facilitate the identification of maternal deaths in circumstances in which cause of death attribution is inadequate, a new category has been introduced: Pregnancy-related death is defined as the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, irrespective of the cause of death (World Health Organization 2013) Maternal mortality is an influential indicator of inequity in society. Among the indicators used to equate the levels of development between countries and regions, levels of maternal mortality show the widest disparities (World Health Organization, UNICEF 1996). Overview Malawi, previously known as Nyasaland, became a free nation from the rule of British, in 1967. The country is located in the southeast region of African continent with Zambia to the northwest, Tanzania to the northeast and Mozambique on east, south and west. Malawi has an estimated population of 16.5 millions in 2013. Malawi holds diversity across the communities it serves. It has nearly ten ... ... middle of paper ... ...e-through-good-design/ Thaddeus, S., & Maine, D. (1994). Too far to walk: Maternal mortality in context. Social Science and Medicine , 38 (8), 1091-1110. Weiss, C. (1998). Evaluation. New Jersey, USA: Prentice Hall. World Health Organization. (2013). WHO: Maternal Mortality. Retrieved 2013 from World Health Organization: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs348/en/index.html World Health Organization. (2013). Health statistics and health information systems. Retrieved October 2013, from World Health Organization website: http://www.who.int/healthinfo/statistics/indmaternalmortality/en/ World Health Organization, UNICEF. (1996). Revised 1990 estimates of maternal mortality: A new Approach by WHO and UNICEF. World Health Organization. World Health Organizaton. (2004). Reducing maternal and newborn mortality in Africa. African Health Monitor , 5 (1), 5-7.
Infant mortality is considered a worldwide indicator of a nation’s health status. The United States still ranks 24th in infant mortality compared with other industrialized nations, even though infant mortality has declined steadily over the past several decades. Compared with the national average in 1996 of 7.2 deaths per 1,000 live births, the largest disparity is among blacks with a death rate of 14.2 per 1,000 in 1996 which is almost 2½ times that of white infants (6 deaths per 1,000 in 1996). American Indians as a whole have an infant death rate of 9 deaths per 1,000 in 1995, but some Indian communities have an infant mortality rate almost twice that of the national rate. The same applies to the Hispanic community, whose rate of 7.6 deaths per 1,000 births in 1995 doesn’t reflect the Puerto Rican community, whose rate was 8.9 deaths per 1,000 births in 1995.
... it needs (four thousand instead of the needed twelve thousand) and nearly ten percent of the doctors (three hundred instead of the needed three thousand) for a population of over fourteen million. Malawi is the perfect example for a show of how destructive the Structural Adjustment Programs can be for a developing country and how much power it can give to the IFIs that they (an outer entity) can overrule the demands of a sovereign government and can thus have far greater influence over a country’s economy and development than the country’s government itself.
As mention earlier that a Jennifer Deane was brave enough to speak out the truth of what she did during pregnancy. Jennifer told the class that she smoked a cigarette before going to check for her fetus (personal communication, March 28, 2016). As I mentioned about the risks of smoking earlier, in my Drugs and Behavior class, the professor also lecture us about the consequences of smoking and drinking alcohol while pregnant. In my Medical Sociology class, we watched a documentary on pregnant women in Africa, called Dead Mums Don’t Cry. This documentary was remarkable because it compared and contrasted the different point between Africa and the United Kingdom. As the reporter, Steve Bradshaw, stated in the documentary that many women died during their pregnancy because most of them were under age, but most of all it was because of the undeveloped medical materials that even the uncritical situations cannot be treated (Bradshaw & Quinn, 2005). Unlike in the film or the documentary where women can have C-section whenever the situation is critical, women in Africa cannot have that because often time they live far away and the hospital has limited
International Journal of Epidemiology 36.6 (2007): 1229-234. International Journal of Epidemiology. Oxford University Press, 28 Sept. 2007. Web. The Web.
Sorensen, J., & Abbott, E. (2004). The Maternity and Infancy Revolution. Maternal & Child Health Jounal, 8(3), 107-110. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=14089739&site=ehost-live
Every eight seconds a baby is born in the United Sates (U.S.), and within one hour four babies die (1). The infant mortality rate (IMR) measures the rate at which babies die before their first birthday and is calculated per 1,000 live births. According to government figures 7.2 babies out of every 1,000 born in 1996 died (2, p 6). Although this figure declines steadily each year and is 406% lower than the 1950 figure (3) the United States IMR is still higher than twenty four other nations (1). More importantly, the IMR for black U.S. citizens is over twice the rate of white citizens (6.3 and 14.6 respectively) (4, p 9). The National Commission to Prevent Infant Mortality even calls some regions "disaster areas" (5, p 18). What are the leading causes of infant death, and what areas within the United States are most affected? What preventative measures can ensure a child its first birthday? These questions are addressed herein. In addition, certain National Standards for Geography are met.
O'Connor, P. (2008, October 18). US infant mortality rate now worse than 28 other countries. Retrieved June 9, 2010, from World Socialist Web Site: http://www.wsws.org/articles/2008/oct2008/mort-o18.shtml
-World Health Organization. 2013. Chronic disease. Available at: http://www. who.int/topics/chronic diseases/en/. Access date 1 December 2013.
Pregnant women have to be careful while pregnant. They have to watch out for various speed bumps. There are tons of toxins that can hurt the baby in the womb. The mother is responsible for most of these, after all she is the one who is carrying the baby. Many of these factors can result in death. It is really sad that it has to end that way some of the time. The worst toxins for a baby to encounter while in the mother’s uterus are different types of drugs and alcohol. Those two things can could serious problems for the infant once it gets into their system. They enter into the baby’s bloodstream from the mother, and cause problems from there on out.
World Health Organization, 3 September 2007. Web. The Web. The Web. 4 Apr 2011.
World Health Organisation (2003) [online] [Accessed 6th December 2013] Available from World Wide Web: < http://www.who.int/about/definition/en/print.html>
“The Situation of Women in Malawi: A WLSA Malawi Perspective.” Situation of Women. WLSA-Malawi. 2009. Web. 4 Dec. 2011. .
May 9, 2001 African Networks for Health Research and Development; retrieved Dec. 9, 2003 http://www.afronets.org/archive/200105/msg00035.php.
The newborn mortality and maternal death is at the peak because of the lack of skilled professionals care during and after childbirth. Over half of maternal deaths occur during the postpartum period and their direct causes include obstructed labor, unsafe abortion, infection, and hemorrhage. Nonetheless, the uptake of postpartum care is lower in these countries and is clearly related to the lack of education and poverty. Comparing to the European region, the under-five mortality rate is seven times higher in the African region and Africa and South-East Asia accounts for more than 70% of all child deaths with more than 50% concentrated in just six countries: India, Pakistan, Ethiopia, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and
Malawi is a small country slightly smaller than Pennsylvania in south central Africa. It has a large lake that covers most of the eastern border of the country. Lake Malawi is the third largest lake in Africa reaching as deep as 3,000 feet in some areas. The climate is sub-tropical with a rainy season and a dry season. Malawi is usually separated into three different sections when discussing the country. The three different sections are north Malawi, central Malawi, which is where the capital of Lilongwe is located. The third section is called south Malawi. The south part of the country has land on both east and west borders unlike central and northern Malawi. Malawi is known as the “warm heart of Africa”. The reason it is known as the “warm heart of Africa” is because the country is relatively peaceful compared to the civil unrest that is happening in many African countries. It is also knows as the “warm heart of Africa” because how nice the native people are to everyone. Malawi has recently become a popular tourist area. Malawi has beautiful lakes, amazing safaris as well as peace of mind in regards to safety and security. Malawi has a rich history and culture, they have beautiful art, theater, music as well as architecture which can be seen while walking through any of Malawi’s large cities.