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Gender and masculinity
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Almost every week, the news covers a story involving sexual harassment or sexual assault. Whether it is a group of fraternity members yelling slurs at a homosexual couple, President Donald Trump talking about the power he had over females because of his celebrity status, or a college athlete that rapes an unconscious girl at a party, these types of stories seem to have one one commonality: men are the perpetrators. Not to say that females do not participate in actions of sexual violence, just recognizing the fact that the majority of perpetrators of sexual assault are male (Greenfeld, 1997). In order to get a better understanding of why males tend to participate in sexual violence, this essay will examine the pressures put on males to prove their masculinity. This essay will detail the ways in which I have witnessed and even committed acts of sexual violence to prove masculinity; it will also display how I intend on erasing the idea that participating in sexual violence …show more content…
verifies masculinity. All people that identify as male in today’s society will tell you that we feel like our masculinity is being questioned at all times. Men are programed from a young age to believe that being masculine means we are suppose to be aggressive, assertive, confident, and powerful. This is the reason we drive pick-up trucks, shoot guns, get in fist fights, and say “rub some dirt on it” when someone gets hurt. Actions like these enable us to tell the rest of the world that we have penises; without physically showing our sexual organs. This is why men are more prone to engage in sexual violence. Sexual violence can be numerous things, but it is generally separated into two groups: sexual harassment and sexual assault. Although the two do overlap on certain levels, sexual harassment typically refers to unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature, while sexual assault refers to intentional sexual contact by use of force, threats, intimidation, abuse of authority or when the victim does not or cannot consent (Lagan, 2014). Both actions infer that a perpetrator is forcefully putting themself on a victim. In a certain sense, the perpetrator is trying to show that they are in control over the victim. Therefore, actions of sexual violence are also actions of masculinity, because both are defined as being powerful and assertive. I think most women believe that men are only trying to prove their masculinity to women, when in reality that is the least of our worries.
Yes, there is something very primal about a man proving his worth for a women, in order to win her over; but what men fear the most is having our masculinity being questioned by other men. In my own experiences, I found that men are more likely to try to prove their masculinity to a room full of men, than a room full of women. This can be seen in the form of sexual harassment coined as “locker room talk.” Locker room talk is term developed to justify the extremely offensive and inappropriate way men communicate to other men when women are not present. Hence the name, referring to a men’s locker room. Most of the dialogue consists of sexualizing women in a way that shows males how masculine you are. I have been on many sports teams and in a large number of clubs that consist of only men; speaking this way has been accepted as a part of male dominated
culture. One way, I have witnessed men trying to prove their masculinity to woman is through a form of sexual assault known as “coping a feel.” Referring to how police can get away with certain things a normal person would have to face consequences for. Coping a feel is a term that tries to justify the groping of another human being. Managing a bar, I have seen people do a lot of stupid things, but the dumbest is when I see men walk up to women and touch them inappropriately. This is probably the only wrong action that usually happens in the bar that I have zero tolerance for. There is only one explanation that I can begin to fathom for such a repulsive action: that a man must feel so intimidated by a woman, that he feels the need to touch them in a way that shows he has power over them. Although I have never participated in coping a feel, I have participated in locker room talk. It sickness me to admit it, but I cannot honestly say I have never once used this form of communication. There is a sense of intimidation felt when a bunch of your teammates or buddies are talking about how attractive some girl is or what they did to some girl. I guess I joined in on such vulgar communication because I felt that it would demonstrate that I was a man because I thought I knew how to talk like one. What I can say, is that I really do try and avoid using locker room talk; not only because of how gross and demeaning it truly is, but also I have come to realize that I do not need to prove my masculinity to anyone. From now on when I hear locker room talk I wont just pretend not to hear it, I will call the person out for it. Men need to hear from other men that sexualizing women is not proving their masculinity at all. The only thing they are doing is proving there insecurities as a man. What I have learned over the past few years of my life is that the only person I need to prove anything to, is myself. This is one way I am going to help erase the idea that participating in sexual violence is a way to validate a man’s masculinity. Someday, I hope I am lucky enough to have a kids. Whether the choose to identify with their biological gender or not, I will teach them to never let someone else question who they are or how they feel. Teaching my children this lessen will hopefully inspire them to also never judge anyone based on their gender or sexual orientation, which would be my ultimate goal as a parent. Making it known to my female workers and costumers that they should tell me when they feel uncomfortable around a particular person in the bar, is another way I am going to help erase the idea that participating in sexual violence is a way to validate a man’s masculinity. I do believe that most of the female workers can come up to me with this sort of problem, but I think many of the female costumers either forget or are afraid to. I will try and make it known that the bar has a zero tolerance for any form of sexual violence by posting a memo both in the entrance of the bar and on all of our social media accounts. This way even if a woman has not been in the bar before she can see that we provide a safe environment.
In today’s American society there seems to be an ever-growing pressure for young males to adopt the “tough guy” persona. The want to adopt such an identity can be rooted to the way media portrays male masculinity to young boys and pre-adolescent males. With an ever-increasing message of violence, hegemonic masculinity, and inferential sexism, being rooted in Television and films it seems young males are being wired to be view these characteristics as normal because of the cultivation theory. As Jackson Katz from “Tough Guise 2” argues, our epidemic of male violence is rooted in our inability as a society to break from an outmoded ideology of manhood.
Oftentimes, the things individuals take for granted as preexisting facts are merely the products of social construction, which exert tremendous impacts on belief and action. Men and women are socially constructed categories inscribed by norms of masculinity and femininity that enables rape to occur. Catharine MacKinnon claims that rape is defined in a male perspective, which lacks the account of female experience. On the other hand, Sharon Marcus argues that rape is a constructed language that scripts the female body. As bell hooks points out, black men celebrate “rape culture” as a mean of expressing patriarchal dominance and endorsing female subordination. In order to redefine rape and to develop effective rape prevention, it is crucial to deconstruct the predetermined assumptions about men and women. Rape is socially constructed, through the ways how individuals possess misogynistic ideologies and endorse patriarchal power, turning the erotic fantasy of male dominance into “reality”.
In today’s society, there is evidence that gender roles hold high standards in forming an identity, whether that gender is male or female. These standards put pressure on either gender to uphold them and commit to specific behaviors/actions that validate their very being. For men, this includes being considered masculine, or portraying the sense that they are authoritative over others, in which this includes displaying attitudes that contribute to female subordination. According to Pascoe (2016) in his article “Good Guys Don’t Rape” men are given the opportunity to challenge rape yet reinforce rape attitudes at the same time that are contained within rape culture and masculinity considered “norms.” Pascoe, illustrates that rape can be seen
The movie, Tough Guise: Violence, Media and the Crisis in Masculinity produced by Jackson Katz and Jeremy Earp, deconstructs the concepts that create the social constructs of masculinity. Masculinity, a set of behaviors, roles, and attributes correlating to men, is earned, not given (Conley 190). Starting from television shows to children’s toys, the idea of masculinity has infiltrated their minds starting at a young age. Moreover, the concept of masculinity has physical attributes, such as muscles, a deep voice, and be able to protect themselves. Masculinity, for boys of any races, socioeconomic classes, or ethnicity, has grown up with the same stereotypical image of what a man should entail. Since many media outlets show that a form of masculinity
Sociological Analysis of Sexual Assault This essay will examine the social and cultural conditions, within the macro-diachronic and micro-synchronic theoretical models, that intensify or perpetuate sexual assault. I have chosen only one concept from each model because these are the only concepts that I feel that I can use to most accurately and comprehensively depict causes and reasons for why sexual assault is deeply entrenched in our social structure. I will thus explore, from these ideological viewpoints, some of the motivations and circumstances that lead offenders to sexual assault. I will also fuse some of the historical attitudes from which today's concepts have evolved into our contemporary understanding of these social phenomena. However, it’s important that we look beyond both offenders' motivations and history, and to the greater sociological view, if we are to correctly reconstruct acts of violence such as sexual assault.
The documentary Tough Guise reveals that the cause of violence traces back to cultural codes on masculinity and societal expectations rooted from such codes. Prior to watching the documentary, it was difficult to understand how culture played a part in men’s violence—it was thought to be more of a natural phenomenon linked to men’s biological traits. The documentary, however, disproves this: men’s violence in America is “made” by the society, not “given”, and thus cultural implications should be explored to understand where the violence really comes from.
As it is in the case of the majority of violent crimes, (Davies and Rogers, 2006) perpetrators of violent crimes, and especially sexual assault related crimes exert additional force by threatening the victim or their families. Male victims also must contend with an additional sense of shame and embarrassment in being identified with a crime that has been typically portrayed in the media as happening to women. This places men at a disadvantage in the reporting process, because their safety and the safety of others is compromised further if the crime is not reported. (Messerschmitt, 2009)
The documentary Tough Guise reveals that the cause of violence traces back to cultural codes on masculinity and societal expectations rooted from such codes. Prior to watching the documentary, it was difficult to understand how culture played a part in men’s violence—it was thought to be more of a natural phenomenon linked to men’s biological traits. The documentary, however, disproves this: men’s violence in America is “made” by the society, not naturally “given”, and thus cultural implications should be explored to understand where the violence really comes from.
“I felt his hands start to move down towards my shorts as if he was trying to unbutton them or pull them off. I was still crying at this point and felt so scared that I couldn’t move” (Henneberger, 2012). These are words written by a college freshman after she had been raped, but they are true for many others as well. According to the Rape Crisis Center of Medina and Summit Counties, “every two minutes someone in the US is sexually assaulted” (Get the Facts). “Girls ages 16-19 are four times more likely than the than the general population to be victims of sexual assault” (Get the Facts). These women may be described as slut, cheap, or ready for action, rather than victim, sufferer, or survivor. Rape myths encourage these demeaning terms for women and conceal the reality of rape culture. I will describe the pervasiveness of sexual assault on college campuses as well as the systems and procedures in place to address it. Power plays a role in this issue, including the powerful men on campus such as athletes and fraternity members as well as the administrators in power who regulate the punishments and actions that are taken against the perpetrators. The influence of those in power often goes overlooked in our society because it has become so intertwined with our culture.
According to Kimmel, the earliest embodiments of American manhood were landowners, independent artisans, shopkeepers, and farmers. During the first decade of the nineteenth century, the industrial revolution started to influence the way, American men thought of themselves. Manhood was now defined as through the man’s economic success. This was the origin of the “Self-Made Man” ideology and the new concept of manhood that was more exciting, and potentially more rewarding for men themselves. The image of the Self-Made Man has far reaching effects on the notion of masculinity in America. Thus, the emergence of the Self-Made Man put men under pressure. As Kimmel states,
and their daily lives. This presentation of masculinity can alter how men respect women in the
The Feminist theory is based around gender inequalities and the concept of an imbalance of power between men and women and within men themselves. This theory argues that male sexual offenders are like normal men, however they have been conditioned within society and culture that when their masculinity is questioned, this creates a reaction where males sexually assault females to boost their male status within society. The feminist theory highlights how women’s experiences are often based around the struggle of male domination or patriarchy (Moore, 2008, p. 5) in relation to sexual offences. This article links closely with the Feminist Theory as
Several individuals within society typically follow social guidelines that they are unaware of performing. Social guidelines such as stopping at a red light or saying thank you when someone has done something for you. These social guidelines or norms give society a script to follow regarding their behavior and actions. Although norms are the acceptable actions and behaviors that society is taught to perform, there are occurrences where individuals stay away from those in which they are now enacting deviance. To act deviant is considered to break away or do something different of a social norm. There are several forms of deviance that occur frequently within society that violate social norms and hinder society’s overall function.
The concept of hegemonic masculinity, as described by R. W. Connell, is becoming more applicable than ever, namely in the world of sport. This notion was developed nearly twenty-five years ago, yet remains highly influential in the social construction of gender roles. In current Western societies, there is an automatic assumption that women involved in sports are all lesbians, and men posses more masculine traits than one who is not involved in sports. This double standard emphasizes the inequalities within the athletic community. The emphasis on masculinity brings forth different consequences for men and women, where men are regarded as strong and powerful, while women are intrinsically seen as more masculine (Baks & Malecek,
Gender, sex, gender roles, masculine, and feminine; these are all things that can be shaped by society. Your gender roles can change, but not your sex; that is given at birth. If gender is shaped a certain way, then that changes us to fit those societal norms of gender roles, masculinity and femininity, patriarchy, and how to maintain this gender order.