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Psychological theories of bullying
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The Psychological Theory of Bullying
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Introduction Several individuals within society typically follow social guidelines that they are unaware of performing. Social guidelines such as stopping at a red light or saying thank you when someone has done something for you. These social guidelines or norms give society a script to follow regarding their behavior and actions. Although norms are the acceptable actions and behaviors that society is taught to perform, there are occurrences where individuals stay away from those in which they are now enacting deviance. To act deviant is considered to break away or do something different of a social norm. There are several forms of deviance that occur frequently within society that violate social norms and hinder society’s overall function. …show more content…
Being different in our American society view in thought is applauded, but that is not the case. In an attempt, by Terman and Miles, to understand the development of masculinity and femininity among adolescents.They found that masculinity and femininity were two separate dimensions that together indicate an individual 's sexual orientation(Young !!!!). Defining masculinity as aggressive, dominant, and independence; femininity as warmth, sensitivity, and nurturing(Young !!!!). Expressing the sense that these are roles built into every person and because of these roles and the "American view" they lead to misunderstanding. Since, our society has its own view of what man and woman are suppose to be like, could the outcome of each bullying incident have to do with our social view of what Masculinity and Femininity really is? These are the roles that society has instilled in each person, but because of that if an individual that goes against the “norms” of society they in terms get punished and for an adolescents that equals bullying because a bully finds find satisfaction out of picking on people for being …show more content…
For many studies the main questions were: What causes bullying, what leads an adolescent to be a bully, what is the relationship between the bully and victim and many more. These are the questions that avoid the real question as to what is the cause of bullying. Many of the study 's research have exam the findings of psychological(emaotions) aspect that comes after the bullying. Each study fails to note that bullying is an everyday problem that finds it 's way into everyone’s life at one point or another. Their are some genders, race, sexuality that get picked more than others because they are different. In one study, they included the fact that if an adolescent is a female they are less likely to have bullying compared to many, but LGBT is most likely (Patrick 2010) which in essence makes little to no sense because LGBT is a group of both males and females. However, their are not many studies on individualizing adolescents based only on the actual whole individual (White gay male, black transvestite, Hispanic heterosexual male or
"...social groups create deviance by making rules whose infraction creates deviance, and by applying those roles to particular people and labelling them as outsiders. From this point of view, deviance is not a quality of the act the person commits, but rather a consequence of the application by other of rules and sanctions to an 'offender.' The deviant is one to whom that label has been successfully applied; deviant behaviour is behaviour that people so label." Becker (1963)
Around the world there are many different problems going on. There's money problems, homelessness, Drug use,human trafficking etc. In this case bullying is one of those problems that we’re focusing on. This can relate to so many different people in the world because bullying is popular, and happens a lot either it’s in school or outside of school. Yet bullying is more likely to happen in school than out of school in closed areas where there's no supervision or adult in sight, which gives bullies the chance to do whatever and not get in trouble. There are different types of bullying and not all are the same but verbal is like the same exact thing as a punch in the stomach because words hurt just as much. Family first aid statistics say that about 30 percent of teenagers in the U.S. has been the
Social deviancy is the violation of social norms. A deviant is someone who rejects folkways and mores. Any action that violates the values or rules of a social group is deviant behavior. In order to actually be characterized as a deviant, the individual must be detected committing a deviant act and be stigmatized by society. A stigma is a mark of social disgrace, setting the deviant apart from the group. Criminality is healthy for society. Deviance affirms our cultural values and norms. Responding to deviance clarifies moral boundaries and brings people together. There will always be people who break society’s rules and that’s important.
Societies are founded on various social norms. Norms can best be defined as a set of acceptable attitudes and practices by a given society. These norms however are found to vary from one society or cultural setting o the other. Deviance on the other hand is simply when one does something that goes against the set societal norms. Deviance is gauged on a scale of attitudes and behavior contradicting to acceptable social standards (Samuels, 2012).
Social deviance is when people who are faced with social norms either choose to conform or to rebel
Deviant behavior is sociologically defined as, when someone departs from the “norms”. Most of the time when someone says deviance they think against the law or acting out in a negative behavior. To sociologists it can be both positive and negative. While most crimes are deviant, they are not always. Norms can be classified into two categories, mores and folkways. Mores are informal rules that are not written; when mores are broken, they can have serious punishments and sanctions. Folkways are informal rules that are just expected to be followed, but have no real repercussions.
Sociologists understand the concept of deviance in a variety of ways. It is the result of unsuccessful socialization, the solutions are usually intended to change the mind of the individual, and that order needs to remain maintained. Norms determine whether something is deviant or normal. So deviance depends on the social status and power of the person, the social context in which the behavior occurs, and the historical place it takes place in. Deviance is all about violating the day to day norms and is usually considered to be wrong, bad, or immoral.
Society places males in one category and females in another category, although some say it could be detrimental to one if they are not sure what role to identify with or how to be accepted. An article stated by Sara Reese, “Making kids to stick to gender roles can actually be harmful to their health. States a researcher did a study that observed fourteen years old interactions over a three month period. “Usually we think of gender as a natural and biological, but it’s not... we actually construct it in ways that have problems and largely acknowledge health risks.” Several things Pereia found were aspects of what one would consider bullying today. For example, she observed girls who loved to play sports sometimes avoided them all together because it would be “the famine thing to do” Pereia said, “All of the girls were within very healthy weights, but they were all striking their intake of food in some way, so what we 're really talking about is fourteen year old girls who’s bodies are changing and developing, depriving themselves at every meal.” They boys in the study felt they had to prove themselves in some form or fashion. Pereia stated, “All faced intense pressure to demonstrate the extent of their manliness”. Today’s studies give one another a difficult time or poke fun for the smallest thing. Bullying is more prevalent today because of how society’s outlook. Girls and boys both struggle in middle school with their changing in their bodies. Their hormones change and they are changing into adolescents. Never the less the metamorphic change of their bodies is one thing, but being accepted is another aspect to take into
From the beginning of the human race the gender roles of man and woman appeared to be straightforward. Women, being able to procreate, were sought to as nurturers, while men were to protect and provide for their family. Throughout all cultures, practices and beliefs of individuals toward masculinity significantly vary. Masculinity or manliness associates with characteristics such as strength, bravery, handsomeness, and physique in a male. With the ongoing changes in human history, the term masculinity has greatly evolved. Our western views’ paint a clear image of how children should be raised according to their gender role, which leads to more and more of them falling victim to the stigma of societal pressures and stereotypes. For example,
Deviance is the behavior and the standards of expectations of a group or society. It is also behavior that is considered dangerous, threatening or offensive. The people that are deviant are often labeled to be weirdos, oddballs, or creeps. In the United States, people with tattoos, drug addicts, alcoholics, and compulsive gamblers are all considered deviant. Sociologists believe that everybody is deviant from time to time. They believe each person will violate a social norm in certain situations. People are considered deviant if they don't stand for the national anthem at a sports event, dress casually to a fancy restaurant, or skip classes. One category of deviance is Crime. Crime is a violation of norms that have been formally enacted into a law. Another category of deviance is humorous. Deviance is relative, what is deviant in one group or society may not be deviant in another group or society.
Deviance is defined as actions or behaviors that violate socials norms. In turn the concept of deviance is dependent on the social observation and perception. “By it’s very nature, the constructionism through which people define and interpret actions or appearances is always “social.” ”(Henry, 2009 , p. 6) One’s perception of a situation may be completely different from another depending on cultural and social factors. The way someone talks, walks, dresses, and holds themselves are all factors that attribute to how someone perceives another. In some cases what is socially or normally acceptable to one person is deviant in another’s eyes. For this reason there is a lot of gray area involving the topic of deviance because actions and behaviors are so diversely interpreted.
In sociology, the term deviance refers to all violations of social rules, regardless of their seriousness (Essentials of Sociology 136). Deviance is an individual or organizational behavior that violates societal norms and is usually accompanied by negative reactions from others. According to a sociologist S. Becker, he stated that it is not the act itself that makes an action deviant, but rather how society reacts to it.
As we all have observed, throughout history each culture or society has unique norms that are acceptable to that group of people. Therefore, to establish and come to the acceptance of these basic norms, each society must develop its’ own strategies and techniques to encourage the fundamentals of behavior, which is clear in our modern society. Most do assume that everyone in a society will follow and respect such norms. However, some tend to deviate from the adequate norms and demonstrate deviant behavior. Nevertheless, we are inclined to ask ourselves, why do people decide to violate such important standards of living?
In a CNN study by Chuck Hadad he states “That bullying is pervasive even though the schools have anti-bullying programs from kindergarten through 12th grade, assemblies throughout the year, and a peer-to-peer program where older students talk to younger students about the dangers of bullying” (Hadad). Robert Faris, a sociologist found that bullies and victims are generally the same person. Whe...
and Dr. Whitehead, male behaviors and masculinity are not just a simple product of biological predispositions or genetic coding. All societies around the world have the cultural concept of gender, but some of them do not have the idea masculinity. The modern usage of masculinity usually describes the behaviors that result from the type of person someone is. This means that one who is un-masculine would behave differently. For example, “being peaceable rather than violent, conciliatory rather than dominant, hardly able to kick a football, uninterested in sexual conquest, and so forth” (42). The presented concept of masculinity presumes that one has to believe in individual difference and personal agency. So, it is based on the concept of individuality