Land Acquisition in India
Introduction
The term Land Acquisition means the process of taking over of privately held land and other immoveable properties by the government for various ‘public purposes’. The owners are compensated for their loss via a rate that is fixed by the government appointed arbitrators. The definition of the term ‘public purpose’ is extremely vague. A few of the purposes that necessitate this process of Land Acquisition are often notified to the public through land acquisition laws. Some of the aforementioned purposes are defence projects, industrial corridors etc.
The general perception with regard to land acquisition is that it is notoriously anti-peasant since a majority of the land that is thus acquired by the government primarily belongs to farmers and is therefore, their sole source of livelihood. Often, it is contested that the compensation paid to the land owners is significantly less than the actual market price of said land. Hence, it is frequently alleged that the governments involved in such activities favour industrialists and the various lobbies of middle-men, corporate honchos etc while benefitting from the loss of the
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This was done through the Bengal Regulation Act (I) that was enacted by the government in 1824. The enactment of this truly significant piece of legislation signalled the consolidation of power in the Indian subcontinent by the Crown.
The abovementioned enactment ushered in noteworthy technological and economic events; thereby generating a need for well-oiled, purposeful bureaucratic and judicial institutions. This act was subsequently followed by Acts like the Bombay Act XXVIII of 1839, the Bombay Act XVII of 1850 etc which facilitated the ease of land acquisition by the colonial administration for the building of roads, canals and various other public
This is necessary as the vast majority of individuals migrating from rural to urban centers has been steadily increasing with the level of economic growth seen within the past twenty years as mentioned earlier. Unfortunately, this situation has further shown the structural issues and inequalities of cities, as most migrants end up having a poor quality of life living in informal settlements as highlight substantially by Boo. As a means of tackling this, however, the Indian government has turned its focus on investing rural regions, developing the agricultural sector. Specifically, Boo mentions that “the prime minister, Manmohan Singh, had come down from Delhi to express his concern for the farmers’ hardships, and the central government’s determination to relieve it” (p. 138). While this is definitely important funds are not being divided justly. For starters, between rural and urban areas almost all investments are being targeting towards rural regions, which is only addressing issues of inequality in one section of the country. Furthermore, across rural areas inequalities of investment are quite often overlooked. Although, “one of the governments hopes was to stop villagers from abandoning their farms and further inundating cities like Mumbai, but Asha’s relatives knew nothing of these celebrated relief programs” (p. 138). Therefore, even though
Many would argue that the land redistribution has been used as a pretext to further political gains...
Perhaps the biggest failure in the reservation system affecting current times is in the status of laws and jurisdiction. Communal land ownership and federal trust restrictions on land ownership and use inhibit economic development and many land allotments are owned collectively by groups of individuals. Multiple ownership makes it difficult to manage the lands and it reduces benefits to individuals. It is also nearly impossible to use the land as collateral for obtaining loans because of federal protection from encumbrances on trust
The purpose of enacting The Land Registration Act 2002, was to combat the uncertainties evolved around the previous Act, Land Registration Act 1925 . The need for reforms was highlighted in a report by Law Commission known as Land Registration for the 21st Century: a Conveyancing Revolution . LRA 2002 repealed LRA 1925, not only simplify the law by maintaining an accurate record of all the rights and alongside interests held by others that affect the land, but also to give certainty the basic concepts engrossed by the 1925 Act as it can be very clearly evident that 2002 Act revolves around the original and principle ideas with amendments.
The East India Company began in 1600 and was ordered by Queen Elizabeth I. The purpose of the East India Company was to encourage trade in the east and particularly in India. However, Britain was not the only nation getting in on trade in India. Countries such as France, were also fighting for trade in India. Even though British trade was a large part of Indian economics and politics, England was not the political dominance in India at this time. India was still under the Mughal Dynasty. However, in the later half of the 1700s the Mughal dynasty was losing influence over Indian land and population, as the East India Company was forcing taxes and causing political discomfort in India. The Mughal Dynasty came to a halt and British Empire took over politically and economically within India. It is crucial to understand how the English came to be so predominately involved with Indian politics and
With many posts in Eastern India, the British were able to purchase and trade goods that would otherwise not be available, such as teas, opium, silks and porcelain. Before Governmental control, The British East India Company was able to strive economically as well as in the military. In the following pages I hope to explain how this trade company flourished between the 1600-1800 and the impact that the British government had on the abolishment of the Company.
Having set the aims, objectives and research questions in the first chapter, this chapter zooms in to review literature available on the subject of land tenure regularization and its effect on housing investment from different parts of the world with specific reference to cities. The emphasis of this chapter is to analyse the link between land tenure regularization and housing investment in informal settlements. Also, the focus is on securing land rights in informal settlements, since it is widely believed that regularization of informal settlement rights leads to (increased) access to formal finance which subsequently encourages housing investment (Chome and McCall, 2005). The chapter starts with contextual definition of key terms, and then followed by global documentation on the impact of tenure regularization in informal settlement, focusing on the experiences of some selected countries. Since the aim of the research is to investigate the effect of land tenure regularization on informal housing investment and that both the Zambian Local Authorities and the government have intention to regularize informal settlements, lessons learnt from the case study countries will be noted, after which the chapter will be concluded in section 2.6 by way of a summary.
There always existed issues with the land that was privately owned in many parts of Navi Mumbai. In particular, the most persistent problem was t...
The relationship between India and Britain can be dated far back at the appearance of British East India Company (who held the paramount power in India until the end of the Rebellion), and the beginning of textile trading between Britain and India . However, it was not just the power the East India Company had in India that Britain was interested in, but India’s “vast reservoir of wealth, upon which individuals, institutions, and governments could draw without restraint” . Britain saw that if India became part of its Empire and was under its control, it could “gain absolute control over its riches and resources” . Britain also saw India having a pract...
Missionary activities were banned and Indian laws dominated in the courts and system of education in India. There was an instance where British army raised revenue from a temple. Moreover, the earlier East India Company was not intended to govern India but to make money and British authority used to be regarded as “faintly comical” in India by visitors from Britain.
Before we look in depth at the Indian Independence Movement, it is important to understand how and why India was colonized by the British. The foundations for colonization of India began when Queen Elizabeth I issued a royal charter on 31 December 1600. The charter established the English East India Company or then knowns as Governor and Company of Merchants of London Trading into the East Indies (Landow). As the name suggests, it was a primarily set up as a company to conduct trade and acquire the valuable spices from from India.
The Indians had expected the British to finally grant them freedom, home rule, but in return were surprised to be hit with a new act in 1919 called the Rowlatt act. This gave the British the right to imprison any Indian that was suspected of causing disturbances within the country without being trial. This elongated from the Defence of India Act subsequently because of the result of the sudden break
There are two forms of the land registration system; unregistered and registered land. There are four rules that apply to unregistered land in order to protect the rights of sellers and buyers. When land is unregistered all prior legal interests will automatically bind the new owner of the land; this is because The Charges Act 1972 contains a list of burdens on unregistered land requiring protection of the land by entry in to the land charges register. If the land is subject to a trust then the buyer need not worry about any beneficiaries for when the buyer pays the trustees the beneficiaries interests become detached from the land and the money. Due to the Land Registration Act 2002 all unregistered land at the point of sale is required to be registered now.
...cisive that they “exploded the myth that the real Indians were indifferent to the call of nationalism” . Congress was in fact so effective that “the British could not seriously question the competence of congress to rule in their stead” . The idea that the Indians were capable of self-government was a new one to the British – it had previously been thought that the Indians were incapable of forming any effective and coherent government; however the Government of India act had two major effects; it proved that the British were no longer needed to run India, and it united Indian nationalists under the banner of Congress. The desired effect of “tying India to Britain” could not have been further from the reality. Nonetheless, even during the most extreme periods of civil disobedience, Congress had never come close to overthrowing the Raj. The Raj succeeded in stopping
And most of the farmers are found with small land holding or landless farmers so in order to have equal distribution of land to nation’s people, country should have redistribution of land by forming some reliable agenda. Suppose government has stated land reform agenda as follows: