Investigation of the Thermal Decomposition of Copper Carbonate
Aim:
Copper has two oxides, Cu2O, and CuO. Copper carbonate, CuCO3 decomposes on heating to form one of these oxides and an equation can be written for each possible reaction
Equation 1: 2CuCO3 (s) Cu2O (s) + 2CO2 (g) + O2 (g)
Equation 2: CuCO3 (s) CuO (s) + CO2 (g)
The aim of this experiment is to prove which equation is correct. This can be done by volumetric analysis i.e. calculating the volume of gas produced. This is then compared to the calculated volume of gas produced in each equation and the equation with the nearest volume of gas is correct.
This is a thermal decomposition reaction and when an element like copper can form two oxides, which one forms is based on the stability of the compound formed. The more stable the compound, the more likely it is to form.
The stability of a compound with respect to its elements can be predicted by the Hf (molar heat of formation). This is the energy change when 1 mole of a compound is formed from its elements. If it is exothermic (negative), then the compound is stable with respect to its elements. If it is endothermic (positive), then the compound is unstable with respect to its elements. In general, the lower the value of Hf, the greater the energetic stability of the compound with respect to its elements.
The molar heat of formation of CuO is 155.2, and the molar heat of formation of Cu2O is 166.7. So it seems as though Cu20 will be the more stable compound. However, this fails to take into account the kinetic stability of a compound. The kinetic stability of a compound is caused by the activation energy required to cause it to react. The greater the activation energy required, the greater the kinetic stabili... ... middle of paper ...
... experiment and using the same apparatus again helps reduce the risk of error GRAPH
In this experiment if the volume produced is nearer to 242.9 cm then
It will mean that equation 1 is correct. If the volume of gases produced is nearer to 194.4 cm then equation 2 is correct. I predict that the most probable equation that is correct is equation 2.
Previous knowledge may also help to support this prediction as when anything combusts oxygen gas is never given off as a product because the oxygen is needed for the reaction.
References
- http://www.chemistry-react.org/go/Tutorial/Tutorial_4642.html
- L. Ryan (2000). Advanced Chemistry for You: Page 117
- E.N RAMSDEN (2000). A Level Chemistry 4th Edition: Page 151-6
- B. Ratcliff (2000) .editor. Chemistry 1: page 26-27
- http://science.widener.edu/svb/tutorial/avogadroslaw.html
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) is a colorless gas, which was first discovered in 1577 by Van Helmont who detected it in the products of both fermentation and charcoal burning. CO2 is used in solid, liquid, and gas forms in a variety of industrial processes. These include: beverage carbonation, dry ice, welding and chemicals manufacturing. It is produced by the combustion of all carbonaceous fuels and can be recovered in an abundance of ways. It is widely used today as a by-product of synthetic ammonia production, fermentation, and from flue gases by absorption process. CO2 is also a product of animal metabolism and is important in the life cycles of plants and animals. It is present in the atmosphere only in small quantities (.03% by vol.)
== == I completed a table to show my results, here is the table: Table 1. Results of different changes of substances Part A Copper (II) Sulfate and Water Reactant description Water (reactant): Color: Colorless Transparency:
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George Frideric Handel (23 February 1685 – 14 April 1759) was a baroque era composer, with an impressive repertoire of compositions. Handel didn’t grow up in a music rich environment, but in fact, he was forbidden by his father to touch any musical instrument, but found time when everyone else was asleep to play a clavichord he had smuggled to an upstairs room in the house. He grew up in Halle, Germany and at the age of 18, he traveled to Hamburg, and took a job as a violinist in the Hamburg Opera House. He supported himself by giving private lessons, and eventually published his first opera, Almira.
Handel’s childhood started out like many great composers. Even though his father saw his skill in music, he was unwilling to let his child journey down the harsh, un-respected, frivolous road of a musician. Instead, he longed for the young Handel to become a businessman or lawyer, but that was soon to change. The Handel’s were very religious people, this quality of which was evidently passed down to George, and were very active in the church. Young George played the postlude in the church and it was during a service that he was discovered by the Duke of Weissenfels. The Duke passionately persuaded George’s father to advance his talent. Eventually, his father succumbed and at the age of 9, George was placed under the only teacher he had during his lifetime, Friedrich Wilhelm Zachow. By age 11, the prodigy Handel had completed his first composition and could play the organ well enough to substitute for his own teacher, when needed. Between the ages of 17 and 18, Handel moved to Hamburg, Germany to begin his “great search for ways to work out the ideas flooding his mind.” In 1708, he moved to Rome, which certainly catapulted his thinking to a level to create the oratorio, The Resurrection, and his second opera, Aggripina, w...
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Single sex schools have their pros and cons. Having both sexes in the classroom could be considered a distraction where studies are not considered the main priority and that attraction are more attended to. Single sex schools
The Electrolysis of Copper Sulphate Aim Analyse and evaluate the quantity of Copper (Cu) metal deposited during the electrolysis of Copper Sulphate solution (CuSo4) using Copper electrodes, when certain variables were changed. Results Voltage across Concentration of solution electrode 0.5M 1.0M 2.0M 2 5.0 10.6 19.5 4 10.5 19.8 40.3 6 14.3 26.0 60.2 8 15.2 40.4 80.3 10 15.0 40.2 99.6 12 15.1 40.0 117.0 Analysing/Conclusion The input variables in this experiment are; concentration of the solution and the voltage across the electrodes. The outcome is the amount of copper gained (measured in grams) at the electrodes. By analyzing the graph, we can see the rapid increase of weight gained for the 2.0 molar concentration as the gradient is steeper.
Single-Sex Education can be successful, but also unsuccessful. Compared to Co-Education, it might come in 2nd place, but it’s still a great opportunity for students all around the world, and I think that Single-Sex Education is a great offer for schools, and should be used more often. It falls behind in some areas like interaction and grade leveling but it also pulls ahead in things like better grades, gpa, and focus. The true key to education is what works for the student, I have seen students strive in many different types of education and I seen students that would pry do better in the other. It is really all up to what the student wants and what they are willing to put into it.
In a school of all girls or boys, students will have a less distracting learning environment. Meghan Coyle illustrates this very well when she explains “Single-sex schools say boys and girls can focus better on schoolwork when they are separated”(Coyle). Meaning when both genders are separated there are less distractions when compared to when both genders mix together. For example in a coed school, a girl can be dist...
The single-sex format creates opportunities that do not exist in the coed classroom. (Edison 1) Researchers are unaware that both genders brains function differently. This lack of knowledge may be why the real truth about single-sex education being more efficient than co-ed education has not been discovered. Some say single-sex education may be the key for a brighter generation. It shows to improve test score dramatically. The number of public schools experimenting with single sex classes is now reported to be more than 350. (Silva 130) Some research also shows that single-sex classes have a more welcoming atmosphere. Single-sex education improves grades while coed educations keep an average pace.
Students in single-sex schools have many advantages over co-ed schooled students. There are many studies that show the advantages and disadvantages of single-sex education. Students in single-sex schools score higher on tests, stay out of trouble and are more willing to study a wider range of subjects than pupils in co-educational schools. Researchers also say that single-sex schooling can help a student’s chances of getting into a better
Single-sex education has shown to be effective in helping students maintain their focus inside the classroom and learn better by doing so. The distraction of the other gender is not present in the classroom environment which enables the students to primarily focus on what they are learning. According to Pahlke's article titled "The effects of Single-Sex Compared With Coeducational Schooling on Mathematics and Science Achievement: Data From Korea", s...
According to Wikipedia single-sex education is the practice of conducting education where male and female students attend separate classes or in separate buildings or schools. Research on the impact of single gender education has been occurring for quite some time. Studies are continuously being done to see the effects from separating children in school based on gender. Between the years of 1968 to 2013, the National Science Foundation funded an analysis of grades K through 12. There was a multitude of research methods that were used. 57 used a series of more forceful approaches, such as randomly placing students in either single sex or coed classes without giving the students a choice. Other methods used included looking at grades of students
Those who are in favour of single-sex education not only believe that separating boys and girls, increases students’ achievement and focus but also their academic interest, (Pahlke, Hyde, Allison, 2014). This increased academic interest is important for student motivation and is reflected differently for boys and girls. While an all boys’ school may see an increased interest in the study of languages, an all girls’ school is likely to see an increased interest in subjects such as math and science. (Smyth, 2010)