In Sociology, there are several contributing factors to the development of culture, values, and norms within a society. One of the factors is social construction, an idea that it maintained by people that define specific meanings and connotations that are assigned to people, places, and things that are found in the environment and to people’s notions of their interactions with these objects. Born in Vienna, Austria in 1929, Peter Berger is a sociologist that is well known for his contributions to sociological theory along with his partner, Thomas Luckmann, who is most notably known for advancements in philosophy and sociology. Published by Austrian sociologists Peter L. Berger and Thomas Luckmann in 1966, their work The Social Construction …show more content…
Social Construction causes people to have stigmatized views on children, femininity/masculinity, crime and illnesses, marriage, and education. The phenomenon of social construction causes participants of a particular culture or society to behave in a fabricated way, thus causing people to follow certain conventional gender roles. People have the habit of assuming that different things that occur within society are natural, when in fact, they are culturally constructed. For example, “From the day we are born, people’s reaction to us is largely determined by gender… the things that a baby girl will use like her blankets, bottles and cradle will primarily be pink. Similarly, the things of a baby boy will largely be blue” (TVP Editorial, Boy v/s Girl). Being a prime example of social construction, this is of importance because the sex of …show more content…
In Boyhood, Organized Sports, and the Construction of Masculinities, Michael A. Messner examines how society has constructed people to believe that sports equates masculinity in young men. Messner conducted interviews with 30 former male athletes, all who have played either baseball, basketball, football, or track. “The boyhood development of masculine identity and status-truly problematic in a society that offers no official rite of passage into adulthood-results from a process of interaction with people and social institutions” (Messner 123). In other words, social interaction has led to the emergence of the troublesome stigma that associates males with sports and aggressiveness. Messner goes on to say, “Although playing organized sports eventually came to feel ‘natural’ for all of the men interviewed in this study, many needed to be ‘exposed’ to sports, or even gently ‘pushed’ by their fathers to become involved in activities like Little League Baseball” (Messner 125). This is a result of the different stereotypes that have been associated with males and females. Conditions of worth are imposed upon children at young ages, thus leading to the false belief that these different aspects of society are “natural” when they are in fact established by people and affecting the way society operates. Carl Rogers founded the humanistic approach to psychology, in
Society has always had the idea that males should participate in masculine activities and females in feminine activities. These activities define the lifestyle that person would have. It was also believed that if a male was not involved in masculine activities, that male was not a man. Sports is a field that has been dominated by males in the past years, and more recently has had a lot of females take part in it. But does playing a sport define one’s masculinity? Michael Messner, the author of Boyhood, Organized Sports, and the Construction of Masculinities, discusses the effect sports has on upcoming young men of different races. The effect of being introduced to a sport at a young age allowed males of different races to gain a sense of masculinity,
Gender, race, and sexuality are socially constructed systems that act as guidelines, or rules, for how people interact with each other. A social construct often appears to be reality. However, when you step back and look at these systems critically, it is easy to see that gender, race, and sexuality do not represent a true reality. An easy example of a social construct is the game of basketball. Our society has created the game of basketball; we have rules for how to play, what to play with, and what to wear. However, if you stop and think about it, you could actually play basketball any way you’d like, but the game is only called basketball when you play by the rules. The rules define the game and give it meaning. The same is true for social
A functioning definition of masculinity is crucial to an understanding of hegemonic masculinity in sport. Many people, especially those associated with science, consider masculinity to simply be the product of men acting naturally (Moss 3). They propose that both masculinity and femininity arise from sex differences. Thus, biology can explain the behavio...
As meaning making creatures, humans attempt to categorize and definitively understand anything they observe. Although this crusade for understanding is not inherently bad, it often produces unintended negative consequences. As humans sort, classify, and define everything, they simultaneously place everything into a box that constricts creativity and fluidity. Concerning gender, these boxes create harmful conceptions of each person on the planet. Although these conceptions of gender are constructed and not “real” by any means, they have real implications in the process of socialization that influence how each person lives his/her life. In the United States, the commonly socialized “boxes” of gender have done a great
For many years society has embraced the idea that the difference between men and women were biologically determined. Others see not only the physical but also the social, emotional and intellectual differences between males and females. Though through traditions, media, and press, we act accordingly to how others view us. Each individual has pressure placed upon them based on their genders. Our sex is determined by genetics while our gender is programmed by social customs. Gender roles by definition are the social norms that dictate what is socially appropriate male and female behavior. Some theories interpret that a woman is tender and a loving mother, while on the other hand men are aggressive and are the dominant one of the family. An individual gender role is modeled through socialization. Individuals learn the ways, traditions, norms, and rules of getting along with others. A person’s environment has a big influence on the roles deemed expectable for men and women.
Gender may be a universal concept, but the meaning of gender differs between societies. The way humans behave, speak, experience, think, and view the world is the final product of socialization. From the moment the sex of a fetus is known, humans are being molded into the person society wants them to be. Different parts of society have different functions in the gender-socialization process. The familial relationships and interactions one has with their immediate surroundings—peers, school, religion, and neighborhood—are the most influential aspects of gender development. Loosely connected societal influences like mass media, politics, and culture are influential as well. Throughout childhood, one’s family and interactions with their immediate surroundings teach and reinforce gender, while the rest of society acts as a reinforcer. During adolescence, the broader society begins to take on a minor instructor role in relation to the family in the further development of gender. Essentially, family always acts as the main gender instructor and reinforcer, while society acts as the secondary gender instructor and reinforcer.
Children learn the differences between men and women’s roles in society from a young age. It is not something that is biologically instilled; rather it is something it is taught by observing the roles each gender partakes in their respected fields. When it comes to employment, children distinguish jobs like nurses and teachers are usually for women and firefighters or presidents are for men (Jacobs 2008). This may because they see members in their family holding these positions or being taught in school that certain genders usually hold certain positions. The same is true for children and associating gender roles in sports. Men usually become basketball, football, or soccer players. Women are not the first gender children think about when it comes to being athletic in competitive sports. Boys start to understand what masculinity is because of participating in sports and do not want to be called “fag” or “sissy” (Douglas Hartman 2008). They may kick the ball around with a male family figure, like a father, who instructs and criticizes...
The influence of sports activities on boys’ identity and socialization experience remains a major interest in gender studies today. Michael A. Messner wrote an article called Boyhood, Organized Sports, and the Construction of Masculinities. The article examines the way sports focus and define what it is to be a masculine, studies variation in sports’ influences across social classes, and depicts lessons sports participation impacts for relationships beyond sports. Each area Michael A. Messner examined directly relates to three key concepts of psychology theories. The concepts consist of observational learning (social learning), conformity, and social identity. The research methods in the article are also a major factor contributing to the
Gender roles are social constructs developed over time and are not based on natural human behavior. Pressure within our society to conform to specific versions of “manliness” and “womanliness” is immense. Stereotypes can be harmful because they encourage people to condemn and oppress those who do not fit traditional roles. Society’s ideal images of men and women determine their path by controlling the social norm. Society’s principles are taught from the moment someone’s gender is determined, causing males and females to instantly conform to the culture’s ideal version of each gender; fearing a stigma if they do not conform, specifically within growing up, parenting, and working.
Much of society is based on, and influenced by, the ideas of sex and gender. While the two are dissimilar in many ways, they are often thought of as interchangeable and are in a way connected. While gender is the biological makeup of one’s physical body, including chromosomes, hormones, gonads, genitals, and a variety of secondary characteristics, such as facial hair or breasts, gender is a socially constructed concept that influences social roles and behavior. However, one must ask how society can function properly, when a factor which influences social structures so heavily is inaccurately represented.
In reality, gender is not based on one’s genetic make-up or their reproductive organs. Expanding on this, an individual does not have any control over their assigned gender, but everyone has a gender identity, which is one’s internal sense of being male or female. From a sociocultural perspective, gender roles have the greatest influence on gender as a social construction. Gender roles are the attitudes, behaviors, rights, and responsibilities that particular cultural groups associate with each sex. In regards to gender, the social construction theory acknowledges the connection the topic has with power and meaning, and states that social interaction, or “language” controls how these things are portrayed to individuals. Similarly, sexuality is socially constructed in a sense that, one’s sexual orientation depends on what they are taught to be “socially acceptable”. For example, a person who is raised by homophobic parents would most likely be taught that every aspect of homosexuality is wrong, and therefore they would be influenced to be heterosexual. While many would like to believe that people are born with their sexual orientation, that is far from the truth. All in all, when looking at the big picture, it is clear that race, gender,
Gender tends to be one of the major ways that human beings organize their lives” (Lorber 2). Throughout the article Judith Lorber talked about how gender construction starts right at birth and we decide how the infant should dress based on their genitalia. The authors ideas relates to my life because my friend is about to have a baby girl in a couple of weeks from now and when she is born we are buying her all girly stuff so that everyone else knows she is a girl. My family has already bought her bows for her hair, dresses, and everything was pink and girly. Since society tells us that infants should wear pink and boys should wear blue we went with it. I never thought about this until reading this article and I noticed that gender construction does in fact start right at birth.
Social Construction of Gender Today’s society plays a very important role in the construction of gender. Gender is a type of issue that has raised many questions over the years in defining and debating if both male and female are equal. Today, gender is constructed in four different ways. The The first way gender is defined is by the family in which a child is raised.
Society has formed several stereotypes throughout the past decades, mainly about gender. Gender stereotypes start at infancy and develop drastically through a person’s life seemingly until death (Watzlawik, 2009). Gender stereotypes are classified as a widely held belief about characteristics thought appropriate for males and females (Weisgram, Dinella & Fulcher, 2011). For example, when you walk into the toy section of a store, you don’t need a sign to indicate which section is for the girls and which section is for the boys. These are stereotype for children, usually boy’s toys are dark colors such as blue or green and girl’s toys are colorful such as pink or purple. Society has placed labels on genders which have ultimately led to stereotypes. These gender stereotypes state that men must act “masculine” and women must act “feminine”. Masculine is characterized
One doctor of sociological sciences defines masculinity and femininity as a “set of attitudes, roles, norms of behavior, [and] hierarchy of values typical of the male and female sex in each specific society.”(Il’inykh,S.A.(2012)) This suggests that “masculinity” and “femininity” are equivalent to gender identities but are influenced by each individual society. From a young age, even before being born, individuals are already upheld to expectations by society based on what their biological sex is. For example, when parents are informed that they are having a male, they usually decorate everything in blue with a theme of cars, dinosaurs, superheroes, or anything that is considered to be tough, and are gifted with toys that include trucks, dinosaurs, action figures, video games etc.(Brewer) Conversely, when parents find out they are having a female, they go for a more girly theme when decorating which includes the color pink, soft decor, flowers, butterflies or ballerinas, and most toys girls receive are tea sets, dolls, items to play house with, etc.(Brewer). With these early exposures, boys and girls are already presented with their masculine or feminine expectations formed by society which convey the idea that men must be strong and dominant while the