The objective of this study was to determine how temperature affects the activity level of the Cepaea nemoralis. Both experiments showed the same relative trend of increased movement in a warm environment as opposed to decreased movement in a cold environment. Both trials had a much greater mean distance travelled over one minute in the warm environment than they did in the cold environment. However, many snails displayed no activity in the cold environment by retracting into their shells and whenever fresh hot water was added to the hot treatment to keep the temperature stable, the snails would get agitated and begin to crawl up the walls of the glass bowl. Generally, the 30 degrees Celsius temperature increased the locomotion of the snails, and the 5 degrees Celsius restricted its ability to move. In a study, it was concluded that muscle contraction is inhibited by low temperatures, therefore we predicted that the C. nemoralis would move much quicker when exposed to high temperatures than it would when exposed to lower temperatures (Holewijn & Heus, 1992). Our results were consistent with our prediction because in both trials, the C. nemoralis on average had a higher mean distance travelled in the hot treatment than in the cold treatment.
These findings are in agreement with the results of a similar experiment which tested the effect of temperature on locomotion of the Lymnaea stagnalis, a close relative of to the C. nemoralis (Sidorov, 2000). The experiment showed that the snails moved at a rate of 1.4mm/s in temperatures from 4-6 degrees Celsius, whereas some snails moved at a mean rate of 5.4 mm/s in temperatures ranging from 24-26 degrees Celsius. In our experiment, the average rate of movement was 2.38mm/s in 5 degrees Ce...
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...l habitat, or how much more or less they might travel during night at a given temperature. It is possible that the florescent light in the classrooms might have agitated the snails, causing a change in their behavior. To remove this constraint in future studies, experiments should be conducted dim settings, but not in completely dark rooms as this would prove measuring the path length of the snail difficult.
In conclusion, our results showed that overall, increased environmental temperature results in an increased activity levels of the Cepaea nemoralis. Likewise, a cold environmental temperature was shown to decrease its activity level. It was also found that larger snails travelled further in both temperature treatments than small snails and snails that were exposed to the cold treatment (5 degrees Celsius) displayed signs of endogenous aestivation (hibernation).
The Artemia franciscana can survive in extreme conditions of salinity, water depth, and temperature (Biology 108 laboratory manual, 2010), but do A. franciscana prefer these conditions or do they simply cope with their surroundings? This experiment explored the extent of the A. franciscanas preference towards three major stimuli: light, temperature, and acidity. A. franciscana are able to endure extreme temperature ranges from 6 ̊ C to 40 ̊ C, however since their optimal temperature for breeding is about room temperature it can be inferred that the A. franciscana will prefer this over other temperatures (Al Dhaheri and Drew, 2003). This is much the same in regards to acidity as Artemia franciscana, in general thrive in saline lakes, can survive pH ranges between 7 and 10 with 8 being ideal for cysts(eggs) to hatch (Al Dhaheri and Drew, 2003). Based on this fact alone the tested A. franciscana should show preference to higher pH levels. In nature A. franciscana feed by scraping food, such as algae, of rocks and can be classified as a bottom feeder; with this said, A. franciscana are usually located in shallow waters. In respect to the preference of light intensity, A. franciscana can be hypothesized to respond to light erratically (Fox, 2001; Al Dhaheri and Drew, 2003). Using these predictions, and the results of the experimentation on the A. franciscana and stimuli, we will be able to determine their preference towards light, temperature, and pH.
Levis, N. A., Yi, S. X., & Lee, R. E. (2012). Mild desiccation rapidly increases freeze tolerance of the goldenrod gall fly, eurosta solidaginis: evidence for drought-induced rapid cold-hardening. Manuscript submitted for publication, Available from Journal of Experimental Biology. (215, 3768-3773)Retrieved from http://jeb.biologists.org/content/215/21/3768.full
After results, it was concluded that isopods prefer normal temperature conditions over warm conditions. We created these environments by adding water onto filter papers with the accounted for temperature measurements. The reason for the results could be seen in a usual isopod environment, it is usually dark, fresh, and moist, and the normal water temperature being the closest to that was the reason for their choosing. The Isopods seemed to locate the appropriate environment by the use of their antennas. For the investigation the normal water and warm water temperatures were independent variables. The observations were the control. The isopods behavior served as the dependent variables. The isopod behavior would be classified as movement in response to a cooler temperature environment taxis. All in all the hypothesis, “If the isopods are exposed to normal and warm temperatures then the normal temperature will be preferred” proved to be
be too hot or too cold, this is a safety precaution for me as well as
In the following experiment, we will attempt to examine the relationship between metabolic rate and environmental temperature in both an ectoderm and an endotherm. I predict that for the ectotherm, the metabolic rate will increase as the outside environment temperature will increase. I also predict that the metabolic rate in the endotherm will remain relatively the same as the outside environment temperature changes. I also make the prediction that the ectotherm will have much lower metabolic rates than the endotherm.
The purpose of this lab was to study the response of the genus Daphnia to chemical stimuli and to examine human responses to different stimuli. A stimulus is an incentive; it is the cause of a physical response. Stimuli can have a physical or chemical change; an example of a physical change is a change in temperature and sound. An example of chemical change would be changes in hormone levels and pH levels. Muscular activity or glandular secretions are responses that occurs when stimulus information effects the nervous and/or hormone system. Daphnia is a genus; it is a small crustacean that lives in fresh water. The body of the daphnia is visible and its internal organs are clearly seen thus it was chosen for this exercise. The
In some cases the eggs will get flushed out of the host. When this happens it releases miracidia that penetrate in to the snail. The snail is the intermediate host. When in the snail the organism uses asexual reproduction then development of cercariae. The cercariae can survive in...
· Collect 3 cylinders, and then cut them into 6 pieces of 3 cm with a
The debate of whether dinosaurs were cold blooded or warm blooded has been ongoing since the beginning of the century. At the turn of the century scientists believed that dinosaurs had long limbs and were fairly slim, supporting the idea of a cold blooded reptile. Recently, however, the bone structure, number or predators to prey, and limb position have suggested a warm blooded species. In addition, the recent discovery of a fossilized dinosaur heart has supported the idea that dinosaurs were a warm blooded species. In this essay, I am going to give supporting evidence of dinosaurs being both warm and cold blooded. I will provide background information on the dinosaur that was discovered and what information it provides scientists.
The platypus is covered with a thick water-resistant fur, excluding its bill and feet. It’s body it streamlined, has short limbs and webbed forefeet to propel itself through water using an alternative kicking motion. The webs on the for...
Introduction: Respiration, commonly known as the inhalation, exhaling or breathing, has a little known definition. This is the definition that involves the cellular level of eukaryotic cells. Cellular respiration may best be described by the following equation: C6h1206+602-6CO2+6H20+36ATP. ATP is the energy needed for a cell to function as part of cellular respiration. ATP is needed to power the cell processes.
Their preferred habitat is within “hardwood forest, roadsides and gardens.” (Barker) This species was deliberately introduced to Hawaii in 1995, in hopes that they would help to control the population of the invasive Giant African Land Snail. By 1958 12,000 snails had been harvested to be introduced to various islands around the Pacific Rim and in the Indian Ocean under a similar pretense.(Auffenberg) Unfortunately there are no studies to support that this method had any effect on the Giant African Land Snail population what so ever. Instead, with no known predators, the Wolf Snail ran rampant and is credited with contributing to the extinction of various endemic tree and land snails, particularly in French Polynesia, Hawaii and Mauritius. (Cowie) This snail is known to have contributed the extinction of almost 50 percent of the endemics snail species in the Hawaiian Islands. Mauritius, in the Indian Ocean, has lost 24 of their 106 native snail species.
It has been found that higher temperatures cause an increase in viral load in mosquitos and cause the incubation period to shorten. This makes the disease more prevalent in mosquitos and easier to transmit to other animals. Studies have also found that human West Nile Virus infection rates in the United States have increased with warmer temperature, elevated humidity, and heavy precipitation (Soverow). This is information that could possibly play into the study of increased bird transmissions due to higher temperatures,
After a short time, the giant African snail arrived to the Western Hemisphere. For example, there have been verifications of it in the United States. These detections have mainly happened in the Southern states; however, there has been notice of this snail in the states of Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin. On the other hand, the giant African snail entered the United States by people introducing it in (Stokes). A couple of theories as to how it entered are a couple of boys putting the snail in their suitcases from Hawaii and bringing it back to the states in 1958 and 1966. Another story is of a Nigerian woman sneaking it in by hidi...
Chapter 6 of Diseases and Human Evolution discussed schistosomes, or parasitic worms. I didn’t know snails were a vector of these types of parasites. The most important evolutionary mechanism that stood out to me was that Schistosomiasis haematobium mostly infects children. Because high levels of the eggs become displaced, the parasite continues to cause havoc in the body, causing the bladder to be unable to contract and expand, and can ultimately cause bladder cancer. This is the evolutionary mechanism. Even though you are expected to have resistance to reinfection, even though you don’t experience any symptoms, the eggs and flukes continue to live in your body with the potential to cause problems years down the line. Dormancy as a whole is something many parasites share, and it is a mechanism that allows them to continue to reproduce and thrive.