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Behavior therapy for children essay
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COMPLEXITY OF CARE IN CHILDREN’S NURSING AMONG ENGLAND PATIENTS
BACKGROUND IN INFORMATION
Baby J was born at 41 weeks gestation in England Teaching and referral hospital. She appeared cyanotic few minutes after birth which instigated a series of medical examination. Cyanotic spells were observed when crying while on cardiac catheterization the baby was found to have tetralogy of fallot (TOF), pulmonary atresia, and ventricular septal defects with aorta lying over the septal defects. Baby J underwent surgery to repair the tetralogy of fallot. Two weeks after she develops chronic heart failure with laboratory investigations revealing metabolic acidosis and hyperglycemia. She was put on various medications and discharged home with subsequent follow up sessions in the hospital. Two years after, she develops diabetes mellitus, with intermittent seizures that disrupt her social relationship with the other children in the family as well as parents. She became briefly hospitalized and later discharged after symptoms subsided.
Hospitalization of baby J resulted to her emotional upset. Seminal work by (Prugh et al 1953) reveals how children react negatively to the stress of hospitalization with separation anxiety, loss of control and fears .It is evident that hospitalization of children between ages of six months to four years are at greater risk of separation anxiety. Thou at this age of two years theirs increasing cognitive abilities and concepts of time help, classical work by Robertson (1958), who expanded on the work of John Bowlby, described that children progress by protesting in which they searched for the unseen parent, despair and afterwards deny the parent that was evident by baby J.
Baby j will however suffer l...
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...ers take it for granted (Howby et al 2006), it can create much more ruin and harm than aid.
Whereas families are on a continuum of coping and need different types of services and intervention along it, all family members should always advocate for parent education development enhancing education, family centered programs for additional support, facing minor challenges, family counseling so as not to be stressed of the child care requirement of healthcare(David and Lucid 1998)
Educational intervention programs aimed at training this child due to health related issues should be planned in advance figuring out possible future outcome to be faced if not dealt with at the current time. Perception which is strongly controlled by behavioral; model is earned by training under a constantly monitored environment with constant incoming and outflowing stimuli (Bandura, 1986)
From birth to about six months old, an infant doesnÂ’t seem to mind staying with an unfamiliar person (Brazelton, 1992), although the infant is able to distinguish his mother from other people (Slater, et al, 1998). As the infant gets a little older, at about eight to ten months, he/she begins to cry when his caregiver is not his mother or father; and again between eighteen and twenty-four months, when the infant finds out he/she has some control over what happens (Schuster, 1980). Separation anxiety could, and often does, make parents feel guilty for leaving their child and might make them wonder if they are causing their child undue stress.
The Calgary Family Assessment Model (CFAM) is a well-known comprehensive and multidimensional template used by nurses to assess families. CFAM begins by having the nurse visit with the family and gain insight on the family’s functioning at a particular point in time. Interviewing the family allows the nurse to assess and identify potential issues. Furthermore, the CFAM consists of three main assessment categories, known as structural, developmental, and functional. Each of these categories contains several subcategories that allow the nurse to examine all aspects of a family’s functioning. The goal of the CFAM is for the nurse to openly discuss family issues, provide insight to families from an outside perspective and guide them towards their own problem solving tactics. CFAM allows families and nurse to develop a plan of care that is mutually agreed upon. The following paper illustrates a family assessment completed using the CFAM and applies nursing diagnoses and interventions relevant to the family’s current issues (Wright & Leahey, 2013).
The structural model of the systemic family therapy is an option for the analysis and therapeutic interventions, which is based on the family as an open system, on the interaction in the family structure, which determine the relationships among its members (Minuchin, 1974 ). As therapists, we must work on the dysfunctional patterns of the family organization structured to allow the family to effectively carry out their tasks and functionally to face their daily stresses. With family, reorganization is expected that the problem will go away
Gladding, S. T. (2010). Family therapy: History, theory, and practice (5th Ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson
The theoretical perspective approach useful for analyzing this family is the family systems theory. This approach views individual problems in relationship to other family members and significant others within the social environment. The family system theory is easily amendable to include techniques from other theories including cognitive behavioral strategies to create the most effective treatment plan for the client systems.
This was a radical idea at the time when it was common for children to be separated from their mothers for lengthy spells during hospitalisation, where the nursing care focused mainly on hygiene and medical procedures and not on emotional needs. The child's or parent's emotional needs or distress were not taken into consideration as only the medical care was seen to be of importance.
There are numerous difficulties that need to be addresses when working with parents of children with a chronic condition (CCC). Emotional difficulties are the biggest concerns. They may occur in parent-child relationship, conjugal relationship, or in relations with the extended family. Rehm found that parents who took care for CCC had a higher level of stress, worry, fear, anxiety, and felt more overwhelmed. All this has its impact on relationships the caregiver and the child, as well the whole family, and community (Rehm, 2013). One of the main nurses role when working with a family is psychological assistance to reduce family stress and preven...
Tet spells are most common in young infants, around 2 to 4 months old. Toddlers or older children might squat when they are short of breath, which helps increase blood flow to the lungs. Tetralogy of Fallot is caused during fetal growth, when the baby's heart is developing. While factors such as maternal nutrition, viral illness or genetic disorders might increase the risk of this condition, in most cases the cause of Tetralogy of Fallot is unknown. There are four defects that are present at birth that cause this condition; They are, pulmonary valve stenosis, ventricular septal defect, overriding aorta, and right ventricular hypertrophy. some children or adults who have Tetralogy of Fallot may have other heart defects, such as a hole between the heart's upper chambers (atrial septal defect), a right aortic arch or abnormalities of the coronary arteries. Diagnosis of Tetralogy of Fallot include a physical examination, echocardiography, electrocardiogram, chest x-ray, pulse oximetry, and cardiac catheterization. Tetralogy of Fallot is treated by surgery, which is the only effective treatment for Tetralogy of
She discovered that when a bond between a mother and a child are broken, the child has a chance of having developmental challenges. In order to discover this, Ainsworth created an assessment technique called the Strange Situation Classification. This would investigate how the bonds between children and their parents varied. The procedure was used to observe the behavior of infants from 12-18 months and comprised of 8 stages, about 3 minutes each: 1) The mother, baby, and experimenter in the room, 2) the baby and the mother alone, 3) a stranger joins the mother and baby, 4) the mother leaves the baby with the stranger, 5) the mother returns and the stranger leaves, 6) the mother leaves the infant alone, 7) the stranger returns to the room, and 8) the mother returns and the stranger leaves. The result of the experiment was the identification of three main attachment styles: secure, insecure avoidant, and insecure ambivalent. This research allowed Ainsworth to conclude that the more “sensitive” a mother is to her child’s feelings and needs, the more securely attached her children are. If a mother were to ignore or lose patience with a child, the child would likely be insecurely attached. This means that the child would either be physically and emotionally independent or would display clingy behavior, but show rejection when communicating. Evidently, this breakthrough was an accomplishment that would bring bigger opportunities for
CHARGE syndrome, a term describing infants and young children born with severe abnormalities ( British Medical Journal, Vol. 304, No. 6840), occurs in one of about nine to ten thousand births and involves both physical and medical disabilities that differ between different children. In a majority of cases, CHARGE syndrome may not be found in any previous family medical history. Breathing problems and heart defects are examples of some life-threatening birth defects that are associated with CHARGE syndrome. Multiple surgeries and treatments are conducted after staying in hospitals for months; life at home may be hard for the patients if they encounter health issues such as difficulty breathing and swallowing. Delayed development as well as
As a social worker it is often complex to determine which theory to employ in practice, each client will warrant for an in-debt assessment of the presenting problem and goals the client desires to achieve. This paper will explore one family intervention model that can be applied to the Taylor family. The two theories analyzed are Cognitive Behavioral Family Theory, (CBFT) and Structural Family Theory (SFT); both theories can be utilized when assisting individuals or families. The social worker will focus on the Cognitive Behavioral Family Therapy model when applying treatment and interventions to the Taylor family case.
The researchers and social workers of this program use an in-depth program based specifically on the situation and dimensions of the family. Specifically, the child’s age, the developing progress of the family, and the level of intervention they can apply to the family. The program focus is transcending basic parenting skills and hesitant parents to a consciously aware and comfortable household environment with strengths in communication and understanding, and discipline on both ends (parent and child). The intended outcome is to help the individual family move towards a method that works for them.
Kaakinen, Gedaly-Duff, Coehlo & Hanson, (2010) report family is the biggest resource for managing care of individuals with chronic illness; family members are the main caregivers and provide necessary continuity of care. Therefore, it is important for health care providers to develop models of care based on an understanding what families are going through (Eggenberger, Meiers, Krumwiede, Bliesmer, & Earle, 2011). The family I chose to interview is in the middle of a transition in family dynamics. I used the family as a system approach as well as a structure-function theoretical framework to the effects of the changes in dynamic function. Additionally, the combinations of genogram, ecomap, adaptations of the Friedman Family Assessment model as well as Wright & Leahey’s 15 minute family interview were utilized.
After educating parents about the several aspects of the effects of poverty, giving suggestions and advocating for them, the public health nurse can evaluate the outcomes based on the current advances within the family’s life. This is evidently shown when re-assessing their physical, mental and social well-being. Furthermore, a method of evaluation consists of a questionnaire that assesses the patient’s “understanding of the financial pressures, difficult choices faced by individuals with few resources, challenges in improving situation, emotional stresses, and impact of the social service system among individuals living in poverty” (Yang, Woomer, Agbemenu, & Williams, 2014). This article negotiates about the importance of educating the parents, and evaluating their comprehension in order to implement alternate advanced strategies. A challenge that may arise is the inability to attain results regarding the family’s progression. Often, it is difficult to question the family’s choices, considering that each member has specific reasoning for their decisions based on their personal values and understanding; nurses must respect that. The crucial role of nursing in Canada requires therapeutic health care providers to discern the patient’s choice, considering they have the right to control their health development. Although, nurses may have an influence on helping patients establish decisions, however, they can not make the choices for
Noticeably, social abilities get questionable in establishing individuals when they confine themselves. Individuals become socially disengaged with contrasting perspectives of considerations, feelings, and thought processes. Uniquely, infant separation is a type of fear causing emotional reactions and surprise when isolated from typical conditions. The parent and child connection is essential for the child's survival, emotions, and the relationship yields a protected security.