Grammatical And Lexical Cohesion

1. Introduction This research focuses on cohesion in the native article "Why Gender Equality Stalled" by Stephanie Cootnz in the American newspaper "Newyork times" and the non-native article "Women at the forefront" by Reem Leila in "Al-ahram weekly". It identifies certain grammatical and lexical cohesive devices. As for grammatical cohesion, it analyzes the reference, substitution, ellipsis and conjunction. While the lexical cohesive devices, it analyzes repetition, synonymy, antonymy, superordinate and general words. This research paper sheds light on the similarities and differences in the way the native and the non-native use these cohesive devices and finds out which one succeeds more in using them and makes the text more coherent which play an important role in delivering the message

2. Features Cohesion refers to the relations of meaning within a text and determines it as a text or not. Moreover, cohesion is divided into grammatical and lexical cohesion. Firstly, the grammatical cohesion refers to the role played by grammar in linking sentences and clauses together. Grammatical cohesion is classified into reference, substitution, ellipsis and conjunctions. Furthermore, reference is when certain items have the property of reference refer to something or someone for their interpretation. (salkie, 2001, p.64). Moreover, reference is classified into exophoric and endophoric. In addition, endophoric is subdivided into anaphoric and cataphoric. There are three types of reference: personal, demonstrative and comparative. Substitution is when one item is replaced by another in the text. It is divided into three types: nominal, verbal and clausal. (Brown and Yule, 1989, p.201). Moreover, Ellipsis is the omission of parts of the structure which are replaced by nothing. It has three types: nominal, verbal and clausal. (McCarthy, 1991, p.46). Conjunction signals the way the writer wants the reader