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Gram staining lab practical
Gram positive and negative bacteria
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Introduction
Staining is used in a variety of ways in order to color the background of a cell, discern types of cells and to discern structures of a cell. A differential stain is when multiple dyes are used to stain a cell that take advantage of chemical differences in a cell. Gram staining is a type of differential stain that works by distinguishing gram positive and gram negative cells by coloring them violet or red, respectively. Gram positive cells contain a thick cell wall of peptidoglycan and a single membrane. Gram negative cells contain a thin cell wall which is located between two membrane layers. There are four reagents used in gram staining which include crystal violet, iodine, ethanol and basic fuchsin. Crystal violet is a primary methyl
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Iodine is a mordant that binds the crystal violet to the cell. Ethanol is a decolorizer that in gram negative, washes away outer membrane and cell wall and in gram positive, collapses the cell wall. Basic fuchsin is counterstain that enters the unstained gram negative cells. Gram staining is a useful method as it is simple and inexpensive to perform and it gives important identification information about bacterial cells fairly quickly. One drawback to gram staining is that some cells can be gram variable because the age of the culture can influence the results. When cells are gram variable, it is difficult to tell if the culture is contaminated, or just old. Gram staining was devised in 1882 and published in 1884 by Danish bacteriologist Hans Christian Gram. In the medical field, gram staining can be used on bodily fluids to determine if there is a
Upon receiving the unknown Microorganism (M.O.) #16, I prepared a slide by cleaning and drying it. Then, using a bottle of water I placed sterile drop of water on the slide and used an inoculating loop, flame sterilized, I took a small sample of the unknown growth in my agar slant and smeared it onto the slide in a dime sized circle and then heat fixed it for ten minutes. After ten minutes had passed, I collected the ingredients needed to perform a gram stain. I got the primary stain, crystal violet, and flooded my smear for sixty seconds, and then rinsed the color off with water until the water ran clear. I then flooded the smear with the mordant, grams iodine, and let that sit on the slide for sixty seconds as well. I then rinsed the grams iodine off with water and applied alcohol to the smear to decolorize the cells; however I made sure not to over decolorize and only put enough drops on the smear till the purple ran clear. I then rinsed the slide with water and flooded the smear with safranin the counter stain and let it sit for sixty seconds and then rinsed the color off with water. I blo...
One bacterium was gram negative. It underwent four different tests. These tests were the EMB test (Eosin Mehylene Blue), the Sulfur Indole Motility (SIM) test, the Urease test, and the Simmon’s Citrate Utilization test. The EMB test checks for a bacteria’s ability to ferment lactose. This test is accomplished by placing the bacteria on Eosin Methylene Blue agar. The agar is selective for gram negative bacteria and those bacteria that can ferment lactose will have colored growth, usually a metallic green sheen.
...imary stain and not pick up the counterstain. Other human errors could have affected the results such as not inverting the plate before putting it into incubation would not allow for bacterial growth. Not pipetting the tube up and down to mix the bacteria that settled at the bottom of the tube before starting the Gram Stain would not allow for an accurate reading because there wouldn’t be many bacteria on the slide. Passing the slide over the bunsen burner too many times, hence killing the bacteria and not allowing for a Gram Stain. If this experiment had to be redone, one improvement would be to allow for more that one plate without a point deduction. Unexpected human errors might interfere with person’s results. Having more than one plate will allow for more accuracy in the results or allow for a person to determine were they went wrong during the experiment.
I also inoculated a tryptic soy broth (TSB), a nutrient gelatin deep, a motility agar deep, a fluid thioglycollate medium (FTM) tube, and a TSA plate with my unknown culture. All of these inoculated media were incubated until the next class period (about 48 hours). Then when I came to class most of my inoculated tubes and my streak plate appeared to have growth. The next step I took was making a gram stain to determine the gram reaction and cellular morphology of my unknown. I used my working slant to do this, after careful examination of the gram stain, I learned that my unknown was a gram-positive bacterium. I then preceded by making a negative stain to see the size of the cells of my unknown bacteria. The cell shape was cocci and the cells occurred in clusters of tetrads. After discovering that my unknown bacteria was gram-positive cocci, I turned to page 207 of the lab manual to narrow down my options, there was only four out of the gram-positive list that were
As the solution pH can influence the stability of NaClO-NH3 blend and the elimination of SO2, NOx, the impact of the pH of NaClO-NH3 blend solution on the instantaneous removal as well as the duration time was investigated, and the final pH after reaction was also detected and shown in Fig. 5. It can be seen that the variation of solution pH has a negligible effect on the desulfurization, but the elevated pH has a great promotion on the NOx removal, the efficiencies are significantly increased from 36% to 99% for NO2 in the pH range of 5–12 and from 19% to 65% for NO when the pH is between 5 and 10, after where, both of them are constant. Hence, the optimal pH of the NaClO-NH3 solution for the
coli cells were grown at 37 degrees Celsius with calcium ions. These cells were then incubated in ice and placed into 4 polypropylene tubes. Each tube consisted of 25 microliters of E.coli cells. Two of the four were labeled with (+) while the other two were labeled (-). Positive was with samples that contained 100 pg/ microliter of pGLO, while negative was for the samples that did not. The 4 tubes were incubated in ice for 30 minutes, then heat shocked for 30 seconds at 42 degrees Celsius. The 4 tubes were then returned to the ice bath for 5 minutes. After the removal, .975 microliters of LB media was added to each tube at room temperature. The tubes were then shook at 225 RPM at 37 degrees Celsius for one hour. 300 microliters of cells were then extracted from the tubes and then placed in agar plates. The cells were spread across the plate and the incubated overnight at 37 degrees
Experiment #3: The purpose of this experiment to test the chromatography of plant pigments the alcohol test strip test will be used.
The distance of the initial extract line to a pigment band was divided by the distance of the marked solvent front to the initial extract line both were measured in cm. The RF (relative to front) was calculated for each pigment band, indicating the travelled distance between the pigment and the front (solvent line) on the chromatography
There are a number of examples of works done before the twentieth century in which experiments were conducted. However, Michael Tswett used column liquid chromatography in which the stationary phase was a solid adsorbent packed in a glass column and the mobile phase was a liquid. He conducted experiments on extracts of chlorophyll in gasoline oil over 100 adsorbents. Most of these adsorbents are now no more important. Interestingly, the list of the inclusion of materials such as silica, alumina, carbon, calcium carbonate, magnesia and sucrose are still in use. He also confirmed the identity of the fractions obtained by the spectrophotometry at different wavelengths thus anticipating the most common mode for in liquid chromatography. In 1910 Tswett obtained his Doctrate degree and his doctoral research paper was published as a monogram which once again demonstrated his ideas for further development and improvement. That monogram marked the end of his chromatographic work. This is not surprising, because he was a botanist and chromatography is only a means and not an end. Chromatographic techniques had been ignored until 1930. One of the few exceptions was the work of an American L.S. Palmer, who in 1930 published his work for the description of the separation af plant and other dairy pigments. There are several reasons for the lack of interest in chromatography , for the moment, the main thing is that it
Everyone has teeth, and society likes them to be as white as possible. But does everyone know the parts of the tooth? The tooth has four parts: dental pulp, dentin, enamel, and cementumcentenum. Dental pulp is the center part of the tooth and is made of tissue and nerves. Dentin is connected to the dental pulp and is the second hardest part of the tooth. Enamel is the hard, outer layer that surrounds the tooth. Enamel cannot be repaired or replaced. One can only prevent its loss, which is why we brush our teeth so often to help eliminate the plaque and acids that certain sodas and other sugary drinks try so hard to remove. Without enamel, teeth would erode within days of their coming in. And last but not least, cementumcentenum. CementumCentenum covers the root of the tooth and it anchors the root to the skin.
Halitosis is the medical term for Bad Breath. When people think of bad breath they automatically think that food is the cause of the bad odor. When in reality there are many factors that can lead up to bad breath. Yes food is one of them but there are other reasons as to why a person may be experiencing bad breath or teeth staining. A person may experience bad breath or teeth staining because they may have a health problem that is causing the odor other factors are smoking and chewing tobacco.
...cap of the sperm pink and the nucleus red, and a picroindigocarmine dye, which turns the mid piece of the sperm blue and the tail of the sperm green. The stained samples would then be placed under a microscope and hopefully spermatozoa would be present so that DNA testing could be performed.
Teeth whitening is an ever increasing procedure being requested by many patients. In this paper, I will be discussing the biological and chemical mechanisms of teeth whitening, the difference between in office and take home whitening, current products on the market, and current issues and safety concerns regarding teeth whitening. Knowledge of these topics is important to have to be able to safely recommend in office or at home whitening options.
Photosynthetic pigments are essential for life because they allow photosynthesis to occur by capturing sunlight which is then used alongside carbon dioxide and water to form organic compounds such as glucose and oxygen. The pigments allow the conversion of light energy to chemical energy which other organisms can benefit from. Oxygen is utilised by other organisms in aerobic respiration. The different pigments present in the chloroplasts allow a wide variety of wavelengths of light to be absorbed for efficient photosynthesis and provide colours to the plant to attract pollinators.
We took pictures of each other’s data once finished with the lab. For the paper chromatography, students began by grinding 5g of spinach along with 2g of anhydrous magnesium sulfate. Students added hexanes and acetone as specified by the lab protocols. Once, the solvent was a dark green color, we placed it in a centrifuge and transfer the liquid portion of the solution into a test tube. Throughout this portion of the experiment, students used weighting paper as a funnel poring the indicated solution as stated by the protocol, for instance pouring silica gel and sand into the column. After, we poured about 3ml of Hexanes into the column, making sure not to let the column dry. We then added, spinach extract to the column—after, we added about 1ml of hexanes. Adding hexanes caused the solution to gain a yellow colored band. We added hexanes until the yellow band reached the bottom of the column, thus began to collect all the yellow pigment into a test tube. Once the elutant become colorless, we once again placed a waste basket under it. Finally, we collected the green pigment into another test tube by a 70%/ 30% mixture and a bit of acetone. Once the two colored bands were collected, we obtained the wavelengths of each colored band using the