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Short note on various dimensions of structural violence
Short note on various dimensions of structural violence
Short note on various dimensions of structural violence
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A reading that specifically relates to Rios’s youth control complex is Bowditch’s “Getting Rid of Troublemakers in High School” in which the labels that youth experienced outside of school translated into stigma at school (e.g., school teachers, school administrators). This led to the criminalization and hyper-criminalization of the youth in every aspect of their lives as they navigated their way through the school system. According to Bowditch, routine disciplinary procedures in schools with large populations of Latino and African Americans, and other students of color as well, are said to encourage school workers to “get rid of” students seen as “troublemakers.” The “troublemakers” were defined as individuals whose conduct was consistently …show more content…
at odds with school rules and authority. In response, schools used suspension measures to eliminate youth from schools if they didn’t fit with the normative behavior at the school. These “troublemakers” are eliminated from schools through regular transfers (often with other “troublemakers”), dropping the student from the school attendance once they turn 17, and informally expelling over age students. So, in order for school workers to discipline students, they needed to fit certain criteria for discipline. In other words, students must be labeled before they get disciplined.
A general term that is utilized in relation to behavior considered punishable is deviant. Individuals in positions of formal authority (e.g., school administrators, teachers, and school board members) exclusively define deviance. Bowditch states that practices at the organizational level (within schools), determine whose behavior fits those formal definitions of deviance, and that the accused individual’s racial or class status makes him or her more susceptible to being labeled. Additionally, labeling generates secondary deviance by fortifying the identification with and commitment to deviant behavior; and since the labeled person’s financial, racial, social, and political resources impact their ability to reject and shield themselves against their marked position, labeling may create even more deviance merely by blocking access to legitimate resources and opportunities. Conversely, one who has the social and cultural capital that is rewarded by an institution is often able to deflect or renegotiate a deviant label. Unfortunately, being labeled deviant or a “troublemaker,“ is the “beginning of the end” of high school for many youth of color, as school personnel within these institutions use their perceptions to determine whether a student stays in school or is forced …show more content…
out. Thereby, students who aren’t “perceived” as valuing education and don’t appear to conform to school policies become vulnerable to the power of school officials to produce certain negative labels that often lead to required punishment and the eventual dropping. Ultimately, students (often times Latinos and African Americans) that don’t fit with the normative behavior at the school are eliminated from schools.
In this case, schools, without the incorporation of students and parents, chooses what constitutes deviant behavior; along these same students and parent barring means, schools then decide who is deviant; they further determine how to deal with this non-normative behavior/ deviance by compiling a paper trail in order to legitimize disposing of particular students. It is vital to note that “troublemakers,” as frequently labeled, act in similar ways as many of the other students, yet get more severe punishments. The adolescents in these types of schools are all seen as criminals due to the labels that have been placed on them, thus are easily criminalized from coming up short in the socially constructed educational system, which prompts suspensions and eventually expulsions. The youth control complex or “web of control” in which institutions create a social fabric, manages most of the youth as criminals. The police, school administrators, and other authorities don’t bother to try to see if these individuals’ are actually criminals, or responsible for the incidents that led them to being labeled as deviant, instead they are generalized in an amorphous way as criminals. All in all, the criminal justice system’s fabric becomes part of the social context that consistently undermines these individual’s abilities to achieve within the
socially constructed systems due to the perpetuation of deviant or criminal labels placed on them, and exacerbated by a wide array of contributing institutions (web of control).
In Punished: policing the lives of black and Latino boys author Rios, victor. Victor Rios grew up in the ghetto in the Oakland, California in the 1980s. Rios, a former gang member and juvenile delinquency. Rios managed to escape this trend of gang violent as a teen; he managed to escape the gang violent lifestyle from his peers. He provides us a with a depth overview of a three-year study of 40 minority youths, 30 of whom were previously arrested. The study was done in Oakland, California. Rios give us a clear overview inner city young Latino and African American. Rios emphasize on the difficult lives of these young men, who are faced with policies in their schools, communities, and policing. Importantly, he gives us a clear understanding
In his novel Punished: Policing the Lives of Black and Latino Boys, Dr. Victor M. Rios aims to demonstrate the catastrophe of criminalization, the flops of using cruel and humiliating punishments that attempt to “‘correct’ and ‘manage’ marginalized youths” (p. 23), and to display the consequences that these practices will have on the paths that teenagers take. He does this by documenting parts of his experience in observing forty boys of Black and/or Latino who are “heavily affected by criminal justice policies and practice” (p. 8). Then, he clarifies how these flaws impacted the boys in these situations. The aim of this essay is to summarize Dr. Rios’ observations and analyze and critique the primary arguments made in the book.
The book "Punished: Policing the Lives of Black and Latino Boys" is written by Victor M. Rios, who was a former gang member in his hometown and later turned his life around. He went to Berkeley and earned a doctorate in sociology. This book explores how youth of color are punished and criminalized by authorities even under the situation where there is no crimes committed and how it can cause a harmful consequence for the young man and their community in Oakland, California. The goal is to show the consequences of social control on the lives of young people of color and try to remind the authorities. This is important Since society plays a crucial part in shaping the lives of people. And the authorities have biases towards them and mistreat
Many theories, at both the macro and micro level, have been proposed to explain juvenile crime. Some prominent theories include Social Disorganization theory, Differential Social Organization theory, Social Control theory, and Differential Association theory. When determining which theories are more valid, the question must be explored whether people deviate because of what they learn or from how they are controlled? Mercer L. Sullivan’s book, “Getting Paid” Youth Crime and Work in the Inner City clearly suggests that the learning theories both at the macro level, Differential social organization, and micro level, Differential association theory, are the more accurate of the two types of theory.
From Phoebe’s example, the paper aims to show how these elements can make a normal life in school almost impossible. The paper advances the argument that an example must be made from internet trolls and students who break down the minds of their peers. The purpose of meting out punishment would be to serve as a deterrence to anyone who basically makes the life of another individual a living hell. Schools should have strict policies to check against this vice and states must come up with regulations to deter would-be
In the book Punished by Victor Rios, he presents the argument that the consistent labeling by every state run institution that cast young Latinos as criminals or cast “at risk youth” expected to commit crimes is symptomatic of the social structures that creature the criminalization process of young Latinos. Non-state institutions as well as parents, who often seek help from them, are often advised to become policing agents at the encouragement of the authorities, hence becoming part of what Rios calls the “Youth Control Complex” that focuses solely on punitive measures. Parents often feel compelled to obey the dominate discourse provided by the youth control complex which sends the message, “Your child is a deviant, your child needs to be scrutinized and policed, and when your child acts negatively in any kind of way, such as dressing like a ‘thug,’ you need to call probation and police.” (Rios , p. 83) Labeling such as this creates over policing which in turn creates a symbolic violence in the criminalized youth.
Another major reason why juveniles are ending up in the juvenile justice system is because many schools have incorporate the zero tolerance policy and other extreme school disciplinary rules. In response to violent incidents in schools, such as the Columbine High School massacre, school disciplinary policies have become increasingly grave. These policies have been enacted at the school, district and state levels with the hopes of ensuring the safety of students and educators. These policies all rely on the zero tolerance policy. While it is understandable that protecting children and teachers is a priority, it is not clear that these strict policies are succeeding in improving the safety in schools.
Rios, Victor M. Punished: Policing the Lives of Black and Latino Boys. New York: New York
Morris (2000) argues that we should see youth crimes as a social failure, not as an individual level failure. Next, Morris (2000) classifies prisons as failures. Recidivism rates are consistently higher in prisons than in other alternatives (Morris, 2000). The reason for this is that prisons breed crime. A school for crime is created when a person is removed from society and labeled; they become isolated, angry and hopeless (Morris, 2000).
This study is about the phenomena of students experiencing a transfer from school straight into juvenile and adult criminal justice systems. Heitzeg (2010, 1) presents how this study attempts to explain how the pipeline emerged with the help of media and youth violence. In addition to media, the process of moving youth toward the pipeline is also due to authority’s tendency to target youth according to racial, social, and economic backgrounds (Heitzeg, 2010). The implementations of zero tolerance policies exhibit a trend among African American and Hispanic/Latino youth. “African-American students are referred for misbehavior that is both less serious and more subjective than white students” (Fowler, 2011, p.17). According to a study done by the Public Policy Research Institute at Texas A&M University (2005), “the single greatest predictor of future involvement in the juvenile system is a history of disciplinary referrals at school.”(Fo...
The analyst analyses the process of development of the attitude and social stigma attached to youth and then makes reverse action for delinking youth with demonization. When youth is demonized in terms of crime they tend to align themselves with one stereotype of social values and move away from other but more necessary social values (Goldson and Muncie, 2009). Moreover, the highlighting of youth in mass media also makes these youth confined to their negative roles as mass media makes these criminals more important and psychologically they tend to attract the immediate attention they receive. The attention may be for the wrong reasons but the criminals interpret it as different and consider it as fame and glory. The policy analyst needs to identify the political motivation behind demonizing youth into criminals and attend to the specific belief to address the rise of such illegitimate magnification. The juvenile system of care and welfare has been taking new forms and gets demanded to be renewed as the old efforts have not been able to curb the recurrence of juvenile and youth crimes (Musto, 2002), but has in fact segregated the rich and poor even terms of equal treatment. These factors of wilful and policy motivated practices of segregation further leads the
Gabbard’s (2013) application of zero tolerance policies goes hand in hand with this phenomenon known as the school-to-prison pipeline (STPP). Archer (2009:868) defines the STPP as “the collection of education and public safety policies and practices that push our nation’s schoolchildren out of the classroom and into the streets, the juvenile justice system, or the criminal justice system.” When Fowler (2011:16) studied the STPP, they concluded that “...the single greatest predictor of future involvement in the juvenile system is a history of disciplinary referrals at school.” Because of its huge predictor of criminality, this is a serious issue that must be analyzed to prevent a catastrophic and vicious cycle that forces society’s children out of school, int...
The target audiences of the The Chicano Federation of San Diego County (CSFD) are the college and university students. The college and university students are targeted because they are in the learning process and it has been widely observed that they follow the patterns of the society and learn from them. If something negative is prevalent in the society then it is required that the concerned authorities should take actions to eradicate and control the situation through awareness campaigns. The scenario that will present the message includes the story of a student who belongs to a specific group which is usually discriminated in the society. The drop out students of several schools becomes criminals because of diversion of mind towards other activities such as crime and offense. The poor family conditions and the lacking in the school system are responsible for a criminal juvenile. Schools provide basic education to the child and family provides basic ...
Khadaroo, Teicher. A. “School suspensions: Does racial bias feed the school-to-prison pipeline?” The Christian Science Monitor. March 31, 2013. Web.
Therefore, if the individual role amongst his conventional group and his institutional group is failure, then he or she will participate in crime and commit to what is expected of him, through these groups, once strain causes bonds to weaken a youth is free to engage in delinquency.