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Muslim women and society
Consumerism in modern day society
Consumerism in modern day society
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This essay shall undertake a critical evaluation of the changes Western culture has had on Muslim woman in Morocco and how it has impacted their cultural norms. This shall be achieved by examining the changes in the areas of health, marital life, and education. Consideration shall be given to traditional Muslim life in Morocco and the changes that have been experienced in this country, before examining what may be described as a toxic infestation of Western culture and its effects and a conclusion reached.
Historically, before Muslim women in Morocco experienced a cultural transformation and succumbed to the influences of Western culture, they lived their lives in very traditional Muslim ways and were perceived as wives and mothers. Muslim women traditionally married young, they did not receive much in terms of an education, and were expected to accommodate two types of work, domestic and reproduction (Sadiqi and Ennaji 2006 p.91). The former is learned in childhood and the latter acquired through education and training (Sadiqi and Ennaji 2006). Whereas economic provision is the responsibility of men, women were expected to marry and reproduce to earn status (Ahmed 1992). Men, unlike women, also had the unilateral right to divorce, whereas a woman could work and travel only with the written permission of her male guardian, family honour and good reputation (Ahmed 1992).
Muslim societies are characterized by higher than average fertility, higher than average mortality, and rapid rates of population growth. As recently as the late 1980s, an average of 34 per cent of all brides in Muslim countries were under twenty years of age, and women in Muslim countries bore an average of six children (Moghadam 2005 p.4). There is also ...
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...g commodified, something that is a principal characteristic of Western culture. From this it may be seen that Western culture is permeating Morocco at many levels, despite its Islamic traditions. It may be argued that Morocco's western location in North Africa and its proximity to Europe is a significant factor that has allowed Western culture to permeate its own cultural fabric and that this pattern shall continue to develop exponentially. Western culture has affected women’s cultural norms, transforming cultural and social expectations in what many perceive at best as a dominant force for cultural change and personal freedom, and at worst the inexorable destruction of the traditional cultural and social order as modern Western consumerist culture continues its polluting journey, and time honoured traditions give way to the inevitable rise of Western materialism
The first religion and its views on women that will be discussed in this essay is Islam. Islam is a religions founded in Saudi Arabia almost two thousand years ago, by the prophet Muhammad. In fact, Muhammad dedicated much attention towards women in the Koran, the holy book of Islam. However, even though much was dedicated to women in the Koran, it was not dedicated to them in the sense of equality. Women in Islamic culture were apparently much lower on the totem pole than men, "The men are made responsible for the women, since God endowed them with certain qualities, and made them the bread earners...If you experience opposition from the women, you shall first talk to them, then [you may use such negative incentives as] deserting them in bed, then you may beat them (129)." Excerpt...
...enging Myths of Muslim Women: The Influence of Islam On Arab-American Women's Labor Force Activity. Muslim World, 92(1/2), 19. Retrieved from EBSCOhost.
Lila Abu-Lughod’s article titled, “Do Muslim Women Really Need Saving?” takes a closer look at the problematic ethnocentric approach many have when trying to gain an understanding of another culture that may be foreign to that individual. In this analytical paper, Lughod looks at women in Islam, specifically the treatment of women and how it might be utilized as a justification for invading into a country and liberating its people. The country Lughod refers to in her article is Afghanistan, and Lughod points out the misunderstanding from the people to the Bush administration like First Lady Laura Bush who believed that intervention was necessary to free women from the captivity of their own homes. It is important to consider the role that different lenses play into all of this, especially when one’s lenses are being shaped by the media. Depictions of covered women secluded from society leave a permanent image in the minds of many, who would then later support the idea of liberation. This paper will discuss that the practice of using propaganda when referring to the lifestyle in the Middle East is not exclusive to the U.S; rather it has been utilized throughout history. Additionally, we will take a closer look on the importance of symbols, such as veils in this case; help to further emphasize the cause to liberate. Finally, we will analyze Lughod’s plea towards cultural relativism and away from liberal imperialism.
One of the most famous contemporary ethnographic studies of women and gender within Islam is Erika Friedl’s Women of Deh Koh, in which her main concern seems to be providing he...
“The Harem Within” is a pioneering work that opens discussion of women’s rights in Islamic societies. With her humble life story Mernissi gives not only a voice to Moroccan women, but stands her advocacy for individual freedom and battle against the harem within. The narrative is a literature example that figures the women discrimination and appeal for
The Western culture has evolved over a span of several years with various civilizations specializing in specific aspects of life or nature. In essence, Western civilization dates back to the BCE periods when Ancient Greece, Mesopotamia, and Ancient Rome reigned. Each of the Western civilizations came with a clear lineage that portrayed such attributes as property rights, free market economy, competition, personal freedoms, and innovation (Perry, 2013). Besides, the western civilizations came at different periods with some of the attributes evolving or remaining unchanged throughout the lineage. However, the non-western civilizations contributed towards such attributes to a given extent, primarily because of the interactions among
The Libyan Bedouin have a harsh, demeaning viewpoint on premarital sex and those who participate in this act. There is strict control and reign over children, especially young girls, since the act of sex itself should be prohibited and being fertile create a threat from the elders’ perspective. In the case of child bearing out of wedlock, premarital sex carries more of a burden on the witnesses than it does on the participant. An example of this would be lowering the family’s social status, bringing disgrace to the family, specifically to the men who played a key role in her development as a woman. Additionally, their impure sexual state on their wedding day can also lead to disapproval of these marriages and the possibility of marriage in the future, due to the social stigma they created for themselves. Furthermore, those who accept a man’s hand in marriage view those who engage in this activity as “sluts”, which creates a bias toward these individuals in their society which creates social distinction. The Libyan Bedouin society value chastity as an important criterion for women before marriage, however they don’t express opposition toward sexual acts themselves. The defining line between approval and disapproval of these acts are the avoidance of a child.
The Women of the Middle East have played substantial roles for their corresponding countries since the advent of colonialism in the region. Middle Eastern women have worked in all types of fields including medicine, education, agriculture, government, private sector, and even defense. They have kept roofs over their family’s heads while their husbands were away in wars, or even in foreign countries to work in jobs that they could not find in their own countries. The roles of women in the countries of Yemen and Oman are no exception, but while they still find ways to contribute to their country, they care constantly stereotyped, discriminated, and ridiculed by men who are known and unknown to them. This paper will discuss the individual contributions of the women living in Yemen and Oman, and will discuss in further state laws and cultural norms that are affecting the women living in these countries today.
In the article, women are shown to be the center of attention, but not as a dominant role. The article disclaims the idea that most people have on Moroccan culture marriages. In many ways, westerners view Moroccan countries in relations to marriages as an idea of “buying wives,” but what was interesting about this article was that the women were indeed arranged because they needed to get approval from the families but they had the consent to choose the man who would be taken to their father for approval. Therefore the women indeed have a voice to say who interested them and who did not. The women are allowed to divorce the men, something which most Westerners would not think would be an option in a male dominant culture, as we think.
During the 19th century, European countries were implementing a new form of imperialism on many areas. Through this process these European countries gained a lot of power. Some of the areas that were affected from imperialism form the European countries was Asia especially was China and Japan. Asia was a huge area for imperialism, but both China and Asia were very appealing areas to colonize. Both countries reacted differently towards western imperialism, which would change their fates regarding foreign relations and the future of their nation. Japan accepted imperialism and it led them to become a world power and China was against the Western ways and therefore being used by Europe. In this paper I will discuss why China and Japan experienced different fates in the age of imperialism.
In the book, she condemns the atrocities committed during the conquest of New Spain, and in her essay, especially within “Chronicles of the Veil”, she speaks out against stereotyping and generalizations associated with Muslims and Muslim women in particular, in both political talks and literature (Lalami). Her discourse can be seen as the continuation of Edward Said’s book Orientalism. In this book, he argued that colonization was preceded by the set of stereotypical preconceptions, which all claimed that Muslims were to be regarded as inferior, irrational and retrograde. Meanwhile their women, who are suffering from what can be described as the Stockholm syndrome, are not even free enough to realize that they are oppressed at the hands of their tyrannical husbands, brothers and fathers, can only be liberated by their Western “saviors”
Reflections of Fieldwork of Morocco was an enlightening account of an American anthropologist experiences in late 1960s Morocco. While not directly related to the Jewish population and their practices in the country, the book it provided essential background information to better understand the basics as well as the subtleties of Moroccan culture. Understanding the majority culture will definitely be helpful in understand how Moroccan Jews fit into the overall Moroccan experience. Rabinow’s exploration of the north African nation exposed several interesting aspects of Moroccan life, like the legacy of French colonialism, the dual purpose of separation, and dominance and submission in Moroccan interactions.
Mariamma Ba’s So Long a Letter and the role women and impact of western culture on Islamic women in post-colonial Senegal: A critical analysis of Aissatou.
Women who have the misfortune of living in predominately Muslim societies often are confronted with adversities concerning their rights in marriage, divorce, education, and seclusion. Consequently, many Westerners seeing a lack of equality towards women in these societies consider it as a confirmation of their own misconceptions about Islam itself. Islam is often rejected as being an intolerant and violent religion that discriminates against and subjugates women, treating them as second-class citizens. From a Muslim’s perspective, Islam’s stance on women can be approached by two opposing views. Scholars amongst the Muslim apologists have claimed, “The verses in the Qur’an represented Muhammad's intention to improve a debased condition of women that prevailed during the Jahiliya, the time of ignorance before Islam came into being.” (Doumato, 177) If inequalities still exist between men and women, they cannot be attributed to Islam, but are a result of the misinterpretation of Islam’s true meaning. Others have entirely denied the notion of inequality between men and women in Islam, claiming that the alleged inequalities “are merely perceived as such by foreign observers who confuse seclusion and sex difference with inequality.” (Ibid.) Many Muslim apologists defend the Koran as noble for the very fact that it raises women to an equal status of men despite their inferiority.
“Culture” is a term that over the years, has taken many forms, served many purposes and has been defined in a variety of contexts. At the rise of the industrial era, inhabitants of rural areas began to migrate to cities, thus starting urbanization. As this new era began to unfold, urbanization, mass production, and modernization became key ingredients in the transformation of culture. As more people became literate and the production of mass media such as magazines, pamphlets, newspapers etc. increased, many had the option and desire to identify collectively – popular culture began to rise. Popular or “mass” culture can be described as a “dynamic, revolutionary force, breaking down the old barriers of class, tradition, taste, and dissolving