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Rewards and punishments behaviors
Effects of reward and punishment psychology
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The brain is constantly changing behavior or thought as a result of experience. This phenomenon is called learning. Learning occurs more than one may realize, for instance learning a new behavior. Learning a new behavior occurs through behavior modification, a technique used to increase or decrease a certain behavior, dependent on conditioning. Operant conditioning is a form of learning, managed by the consequences of the organism's behavior. Losing weight, sometimes an intimidating idea, can be achieved through operant conditioning, by setting up a weight loss program to follow a schedule of reinforcement. Using operant conditioning and behavior modification I will create a weight loss program that incorporates positive reinforcement under a fixed ratio schedule to attain my roommate's goal of making the football team.
Positive reinforcement is presenting an organism with a stimulus, increasing the probability of that behavior. For my roommate, I will give him an amount of money after a certain amount of times he works out. This should condition in him to workout more in order to receive money. For example, if he never works out then he will never receive any money, this will motivate him to workout to get the money.
The program will follow a strict fixed ratio schedule which will result
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If, we followed the weight loss program correctly, then by the end of the program my roommate will be conditioned to work out, resulting in weight loss. The ability of our brains to learn and condition ourselves after a fixed schedule is crucial to understand in order to set up a successful weight loss program. Motivating someone to continue a behavior is a crucial way to condition. Without the use of reinforcements then an organism may not be inclined to follow the program because they won't be awarded anything for their
“Operant conditioning is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior. Through operant conditioning, an association is made between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior” (Cherry). Positive reinforcement which is praising a person for doing something good verses negative reinforcement which is an unpleasant remark a punishment. B.F. Skinner did an experiment on a rat, the rat was taught to push two buttons, one to receive food and the other was a light electric shock. The rat tried both buttons and realized which button was good and which one was bad. This experiment goes to show that upon the rewards and punishment system one can learn their rights from their wrongs through a series of lessons. Kincaid and Hemingway both use operant conditioning to show human behavior under stimulus control.
Positive reinforcement works by presenting something positive to the person after a desired behavior is exhibited, making the behavior more likely to happen in the future (McAdams, 2009). An example of this could be when a child helps their mother with the dishes and the mothers rewards the child with ice cream. Negative reinforcement, is when a behavior is strengthened by stopping, removing or avoiding a negative outcome or aversive stimulus (McAdams, 2009). An example of this could be when the light goes green at a traffic light, the car in front of a person does not move. The person hates when this happens and from experience knows that honking the car’s horn gets cars that are in front of them to go
Operant conditioning is a kind of conditioning, which examines how often a behavior will or occur depending on the effects of the behavior (King, 2016, pg. ). The words positive and negative are used to apply more significance to the words reinforcement or punishment. Positive is adding to the stimulus, while negative is removing from the stimulus (King, 2016). For instance, with positive reinforcement, there is the addition of a factor to increase the number of times that the behavior occurs (King, 2016). An example of positive reinforcement is when a child is given an allowance for completing their household chores. The positive reinforcement is the allowance which helps to increase the behavior of doing chores at home. In contrast with negative
Overall Operant conditioning can be used to describe the process as modifying behaviour through positive (rewards for behaviour) and negative (punishment for behaviour) reinforcement. Burrhus Skinner was someone who investigated operant conditioning, he believed to really understand behaviour that you need to look at actions and consequences of behaviour. Burrhus skinner investigated his theory of operant conditioning with a rat. Skinner created a box in which the box contained a lever which released a food pellet when pressing down on the lever, which makes it a positive reinforcement as food isn’t a punishment its shown as a good thing when receiving food especially for animals. The Rat would be left in the box to figure out for itself that the lever would release food when pressed. To begin with the rat would accidentally press the lever and after a few times the rat quickly figured out that every time the lever is pressed they will receive food. After the rat realised the lever would release food it would result in the rat repeatedly pressing the lever. Skinner also investigated negative reinforcement, he did this by running a low electrical current through the box, then placing a rat within the box. When the lever was to be pressed the electric current would be switched off. When the rat would be placed in the box it would accidentally press the lever. Eventually the rats would learn to press down the lever to ensure they wouldn’t receive an electrical
Shaping involves reinforcing a target behavior by using operant conditioning to reward a positive behavior and prevent a negative behavior. This method was created by B.F Skinner, in which he reinforced a target behavior in the experimenting of rats to see if they will be able to push a lever. He used the principle of rewarding by giving the rats a piece of food each time they got closer to the lever. Shaping, also called "successive approximation," allows the subject of the experiment to set goals for itself when it has reached that successful approximation. Rewarding has its benefits because it is a sensitive procedure towards an act that helps shape a behavior. Shaping can also be used on humans, in laying emphasis on a positive behavior.
Behavior modification is based on the principles of operant conditioning, which were developed by American behaviorist B.F. Skinner. In his research, he put a rat in a cage later known as the Skinner Box, in which the rat could receive a food pellet by pressing on a bar. The food reward acted as a reinforcement by strengthening the rat's bar-pressing behavior. Skinner studied how the rat's behavior changed in response to differing patterns of reinforcement. By studying the way the rats operated on their environment, Skinner formulated the concept of operant conditioning, through which behavior could be shaped by reinforcement or lack of it. Skinner considered his discovery applicable to a wide range of both human and animal behaviors(“Behavior,” 2001).
The behavior that I have chosen to modify is my exercising behavior. As a college student, exercise is something that I don’t get enough time to do. I chose to modify this behavior because I want to exercise more to improve my health and be fitter. Exercise is an important part of life, it is a stress reliever and stimulates brain cell development. Psychologist’s throughout the years have suggested that most of the things we do every day are due to habits. Various theories have been proposed to justify the process in which animals and humans change behaviors or habits. Among the theories are operant and classical conditioning. As human beings it is unavoidable to fall into habits either unconsciously or consciously, but science has revealed
Operant conditioning is a system of learning that transpires through punishment and rewards for behaviors (Kalat, 2011). Through this, a connection linking a behavior and a consequence is made. For instance a kid could be told that she will not get recess privileges if she talks in class. This possibility of being punished leads to decrease in disruptive behaviors from her. The major components of operant condition are punishment and reinforcement (Kalat, 2011).
The behavior I want to modify is how much I exercise. I currently do little to no exercise; at most I will exercise once a month. I wish to increase how much I exercise. My end goal for this behavior modification is to exercise three times per week (at least one hour each session). I will use the behavior and consequence (reward) principles of operant conditioning in my modification plan. To achieve my end goal I have small goals to achieve each week. Each week that I complete my behavior I will be given a reward. The first few weeks are fairly simple and so the rewards are small. As I complete more weeks the behavior gets harder so the rewards become more substantial. This means that the closer I get to completing my end goal the more I will get rewarded. By rewarding myself as I get closer to my end goal I am incorporating the process of shaping into my behavior modification. I have broken down my
Positive reinforcement is a method of presenting to children the appropriate behavior from the inappropriate behaviors. This is done by pointing out the correct behavior and giving some form of encouraging reward. The idea is that all behaviors
Weight loss is a challenging task for most people because of the amount of commitment that it requires. However, through the principles of operant conditioning, behavior can be modified to get a person started on their goal. In this particular situation, I will be helping my roommate lose weight to increase his chances of making the football team. This will be done by making a month long program emphasizing positive reinforcement toward healthy behaviors and negative reinforcement for the unhealthy ones. The program will include dieting and exercise in a fixed interval schedule of reinforcement where his progress will be monitored.
First, positive reinforcement will be used to keep my roommate on track to their goal, and to motivate them to exercise and eat right. Positive reinforcement would be a reward of something that my roommate enjoys after they reach a goal weight or exercises. If the person exercises four times a week, then they can see a movie or treat themselves to one dessert at the end of
B. F. Skinner, the most well-known American Psychologist who was the top exponent of the school of psychology that was known as behaviorism, preserved the impression that learning is an end result of change in evident behavior. The changes in behavior are determined by the way individuals reply to stimuli (events) in the environment. B.F. Skinner defined this phenomenon as operant conditioning. Operant conditioning means changing of behavior by the use of reinforcement which is given after the desired response (McLeod, 2007). This
Learning is defined as a “process of change that occurs as a result of an individual’s experience” (Mazure, 2006). Researchers assume that the process of learning follows certain general principles, which were developed, into the general process learning theories. These include operant conditioning and classical conditioning which has been put forward by leading psychologists like Pavlov, B.F.Skinner and Thorndike. However, in learning, operant and classical conditoning are opposed by biological constraints that state that there are limitations to the theories. Some of these biological constraints on learning will be discussed below.
Classical conditioning and operant conditioning both played a key role in the history of the study of learning, but, as argued by B.F Skinner, there are key differences to be noted between the two (Gleitman, Gross, Reisberg, 2011).