Diabetes mellitus is one of the common diseases of the hormonal system. Diabetes is a disease caused by a number of factors such as due to complete or partial loss of insulin production or complete or partial loss of its action or both. Whatever the type of diabetes, the main feature of all types of diabetes is elevated level of blood glucose termed as hyperglycemia. A disease forming alterations in capillary’s basement membrane thickening, elevation of matrix of vessel wall and proliferation cell leading to the vascular complications such as narrowing of the lumen, and early atherosclerosis. Diabetes is found to be related with the elevated generation of atherosclerosis that affects the arteries involve in the circulation to the heart, brain and lower extremities. As well as diabetic myocardial disease, is one of the complications of diabetes. Diabetes founds to affect about 100 million people all over the world. The conditions of diabetes leading to the introduction and generation of microvascular disorder that is results by the destruction of the small blood vessels and macrovascular disorders that results by the destruction of arteries. In diabetic patient the major reason of inability and death is the vascular disease mainly atherosclerosis. Diabetes elevates the risk of generating coronary, cerebrovascular and peripheral disease. The alteration in the endothelial wall, vascular smooth muscles and functionally active platelets all lead to the pathophysiology progressing to vascular disease. The key factors that are the risk factor for the pathogenesis of vascular complication are elevated blood glucose levels, glucose intolerance, elevated lipid profile and hypertension. Deliberating various long term and threatening diabetic... ... middle of paper ... ...vel also found elevated in the diabetic individuals as compare to the non diabetic individuals. All platelet indices like PLT, PCT, MPV and PDW are associated with the determination of platelet activity, in which elevated MPV and PDW has been documented as main a factor that is associated with the complications of thromboembolic. In previous study elevated MPV and PDW has been found with very poor control of glyceamic index. In previous study it is documented that elevated levels of MPV, PDW, and CRP in diabetic female as compare to the male with diabetes, developing thromboembolic complications. Positive relation in between glyceamic index controlling determining factors (FBG and HbA1c) and the indices of platelets (MPV, PDW) demonstrates that HbA1c and platelets indices can be used as alternate indicator for the diagnosis of diabetic complications in early state.
• Diabetes Mellitus: Diabetes mellitus (Type I Diabetes and Type II Diabetes) has been associated with an increase in arterial stiffness . O’Rourke’s studies showed that PWA does not aid in the diagnostics of diabetes mellitus. Further research by Cruickshank showed that PWV is a powerful independent predictor of mortality for diabetes.
The pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus in is related to the insulin hormone. Insulin is secreted by cells in the pancreas and is responsible for regulating the level of glucose in the bloodstream. It also aids the body in breaking down the glucose to be used as energy. When someone suffers from diabetes, however, the body does not break down the glucose in the blood as a result of abnormal insulin metabolism. When there are elevated levels of glucose in the blood, it is known as hyperglycemia. If the levels continue to remain high over an extended period of time, damage can be done to the kidneys, cardiovascular systems; you can get eye disorders, or even cause nerve damage. When the glucose levels are low in one’s body, it is called hypoglycemia. A person begins to feel very jittery, and possibly dizzy. If that occurs over a period of time, the person can possibly faint. Diabetes mellitus occurs in three different forms - type 1, type 2, and gestational.
Yang, Zhirong., Yuan, Zhang., Chen, Ru., Huang, Y., Ji, L., Sun, F., Hong, T., Zhan, S. (2014). Sample Tests to Screen for Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy. The Cochrane Library: DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010975. Retrieved from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD010975/abstract
The patient has noted that over the past several weeks that he discovered more bruises or even ecchymosis all over his body. The patient has found small red marks around his eyes, the next morning. The patient was self-diagnosing himself, however due to the doctors, the patient has thrombocytopenia that he diagnoses with recently. Thrombocytopenia is a blood disorder that has insufficient platelets in the blood stream. The disease is one of the most common results that are in hospital patients who tend to bleed, then it will stop bleeding and clump up the blood vessels. If any reason an individual platelet falls below normal, then the condition will develop called Thrombocytopenia. The cause of this disorder, (Thrombocytopenia, n.d.) “thrombocytopenia can be inherited or it can be caused by numerous conditions or even drugs”. Thrombocytopenia symptoms are from; bruising, an enlarged spleen. Excessive bleeding on the menstrual cycle, nose bleeds, and jaundice. The enlarged spleen has too many platelets causing it to decrease. The disease also consists of leukemia or a viral infection. The increased breakdown that is caused by some things with the condition. Also serve options lead to a transfusion or finding an underlying. Nevertheless, thrombocytopenia cannot be prevented although, at the same time some conditions of thrombocytopenia can be avoided. By avoiding alcohol and if a person
The human body is dependent on interconnectedness of its systems to maintain homeostasis. Internal and external factors can potentially contribute to a disruption of homeostasis. If the body is not returned to homeostasis by negative feedback mechanisms then complications arise which can be detected by a battery of tests (Museum of Science & Industry, 2013). For example, a 40-year-old man enters the clinic with complaining of chest pains, the negative feedback systems have not returned the body to homeostasis. A variety of tests are performed to determine what is occurring. The objective data states that the patient has elevated troponin levels, which confirm a mild heart attack. Hematocrit levels are normal; however, platelet counts are recorded at >600x 103 /µl, and there is also no direct evidence for iron deficiency. Subjective data reveals that the patient complains of a throbbing and burning sensation in the hands and feet, and his family has a history of heart problems. To determine the patient’s condition the attending physician must understand the anatomy of the body.
Insulin represents one of the most important hormones in the body for its involvement in control and regulation of blood glucose in humans and in most vertebrates. Insulin acts on cells by stimulating glucose, protein and lipid metabolism, RNA and DNA synthesis via modification of enzymes activities and their transport system. Insulin continues by executing acts on cellular levels, initiated by its binding to plasma membrane receptors. These membrane receptors are presents on mammalian tissues with different concentration levels, varying between 40 receptors on circulating erythrocytes to receptors of approximately 200,000 on adipocytes and hepatocytes. Insulin receptors activation results in internal cellular mechanisms directly affecting glucose uptake. When an insulin control mechanism fails, the occurring result is diabetes mellitus condition. The binding of Insulin to extracellular part of its receptors (alpha subunits) leads to conformation changes, necessary for activation of kinase domains existing in the intracellular site of beta subunits. Clinically there are evidences illuminating insulin exogenous and endogenous inability to increase glucose uptake and utilization. This inability is term insulin resistance, it occurs due to clusterization of cardiovascular metabolic abnormalities resulting in insulin resistance syndrome/metabolic syndrome, which can leads to development of type 2 diabetes and other well-known illnesses.
Whether it is Lipitor being used to lower cholesterol or aspirin to lower blood pressure, until the present, cardiovascular and heart diseases have been tackled by a variety of medications that address its various risk factors. However, this strategy focuses on secondary and tertiary prevention instead of heart diseases’ underlying causes. Yes, diabetes mellitus and hypertension have a concrete proven link to heart disease, but addressing them with medication only masks them and does not address the root of the problem.
Atherosclerotic lesions in patients with diabetes are indistinguishable from lesions in patients in whom another characteristic, like hypercholesterolemia or smoking, is the major ...
According to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, the high glucose levels in their blood causes increased damage to blood vessel walls and nerves that control your heart functions. Due to this, heart disease is the leading cause of death within adults who have diabetes. Statistics show they are 2 times as likely to die from heart disease. Other factors can add to this such as smoking, excess belly fat, abnormal cholesterol levels, high blood pressure and heredity. Luckily the steps diabetics take to help their diabetes also helps reduce their chances of a cardiac episode.
Introduction Good afternoon everyone and welcome to this week’s meeting of Haematology for Humans. The topic we will be discussing today is Thrombocytopenia. Thrombocytopenia (a low platelet count) can affect anyone of you here today which makes it a significant issue in community health. Thrombocytes or platelets are small fragments made during the process of thrombopoiesis.
Faulkner, M. (2003), reported the epidemiological data indicates that the most common age of onset of type 1 diabetes is from 10 to 14 years of age, with the incidence of the disease increasing worldwide. Teens with diabetes expressed lower life satisfaction and health perception, with females having lower life satisfaction than their male counterparts. Furthermore, adolescents with type 1 diabetes are challenged to adapt to a lifestyle that requires self-management of dietary practices, exercise behaviors, and insulin adjustment in addition to developing autonomy and self-identity. Moreover, the rapid biological changes occurring during this time period along with learning to manage a chronic illness place adolescents at risk for poor metabolic control and life adjustment difficulties.
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic condition that is characterized by insulin resistance in the body and increased blood glucose levels, known as hyperglycemia (1, 2). Type 2 (T2) diabetes is more common than type 1, and its incidence worldwide is increasing (3). T2 diabetes mellitus commonly affects adults over the age of 45, however its prevalence in children is increasing (4). The cause of diabetes mellitus is multifactorial, and results in a complex pathophysiology (5). This essay will focus on the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes and the range of associated presentations that result from these pathophysiological processes.
– Laboratory findings of blood test include erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein which are elevated in
Diabetes is one of the most controversial topics in the world today. Diabetes, are also known as Diabetes mellitus, is a metabolic issue in which the human body quits delivering enough insulin so as to control rising sugar levels or does not create it by any stretch of the imagination. Long haul diabetes causes high glucose levels, which in outrageous cases can render a man out cold or even dead.” Starting at 2013, there are an expected 382 million individuals who experience the ill effects of diabetes.” There are three basic types of diabetes : sort 1 diabetes , sort 2 diabetes and gestational diabetes.
Hyperlipidemia is a metabolic disorder characterized by elevated levels of total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), Very LDLC (VLDL-C) and triglycerides (TGs) with a subsequent decrease in the levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in the systemic circulation.(1)Consumption of high fat or fructose diet, lifestyle modification,age, genetics, smoking, hypertension, type 2 diabetes and otherprecipitating factorsplay a significant role in causingaberrant lipid profile. Dyslipidemia is a major cause of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVDs), such as Coronary heart disease (CHD), ischemic cerebrovascular disease(CBVD) and peripheral vascular disease (PVD). (2)Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the major leading cause of worldwide morbidity and mortality among the adults.A 20%reduction in blood cholesterol level can decrease about 31% of CHD incidence and 33% of its mortality rate. (3)