How the product/s are prepared Plasma is one of the three components of blood and contains all the clotting factors found in blood. From the plasma many different products are manufactured, these are fresh frozen plasma or when the plasma is split into its different components. Plasma is obtained from voluntary donors who donate just plasma via an apheresis machine or they donate whole blood which then gets centrifuged to separate the plasma from the rest of the blood. Some of the plasma that is obtained is used to make fresh frozen plasma (FFP) or cryoprecipitate. The cryoprecipitate contains Fibrinogen and Factor VIII is formed from the thawing of the fresh frozen plasma. The majority of all the plasma that is donated is put through a plasma fractionation machine. This machine splits the plasma into its different components and products that are made are: • Intragram • Immunoglobulin • Anti-D • Albumin • Factor VIII • Prothrombinex (Factors II, IX and X) Major uses and benefits The cryoprecipitate is used for patients who don’t have enough or are unable to produce sufficient fibrinogen and clotting factor VIII. The FFP and cryoprecipitate can both be used for patients who have had a liver transplants and trauma cases in which the patients has clotting problems. The other products such as the immunoglobulin are used for fighting diseases because of the antibodies in the plasma. The anti-D is used in pregnancies in case of an RhD incompatibility between the baby and the mother; this stops the mother creating antibodies against the baby. The albumin and the clotting factors are used for patients who have a deficiency of these proteins. How Quality and safety of blood products are maintain All the products produced must be kept to ... ... middle of paper ... ... matter in what phase the blood is in it can be tracked down. A small sample is also saved for further reference if needed. For the bags of red blood cells they must be refrigerated and kept between 4°C and 8°C if the temperature fall out of this range the cell will lose their integrity. How the product/s are prepared Platelets like the plasma and red blood cells are collected from whole blood by centrifuging. But the major way that platelets are collected is by apheresis where as the blood is being drawn it is centrifuged and the platelets are collected into bags and the rest of the blood is then transfused back to the donor. The process may take up to an hour but these donations can be performed at 2-4 week intervals because the red blood cells are returned to the donor. Major uses and benefits How Quality and safety of blood products are maintain
In this experiment, we determined the isotonic and hemolytic molar concentrations of non-penetrating moles for sheep red blood cells and measured the absorbance levels from each concentration. The results concluded that as the concentration increased the absorbance reading increased as well. A higher absorbance signifies higher amounts of intact RBCs. The isotonic molar concentration for NaCl and glucose is 0.3 M. The hemolysis molar concentration for NaCl and glucose is 0.05 M. Adding red blood cells to an isotonic solution, there will be no isotonic pressure and no net movement. The isotonic solution leaves the red blood cells intact. RBC contain hemoglobin which absorbs light, hemoglobin falls to the bottom of the tube and no light is absorbed. Determining the isotonic concentration of NaCl and glucose by finding the lowest molar concentration. In contrast to isotonic molar concentration, hemolysis can be determined by finding the
divide to make new blood cells. Once blood cells mature, they leave the bone marrow and enter
Harmening, D. M. (2005). Modern Blood Banking & Transfusion Practices. Philidelphia, PA: F.A. Davis Company.
Charles Richard Drew was an African-American male born on June 3, 1904 in Washington D.C. He was very well-educated and intelligent, and he received his Doctor of Medical Science Degree in 1940 from Columbia University. During his residency at Columbia University’s Presbyterian Hospital, he became very interested in blood transfusions. Drew soon realized that the technology of blood transfusions was vastly limited; blood could only be stored for two days. He was determined to solve this dilemma because of the many lives it would save. Led by his motivation, Drew noticed that if the plasma was separated from the blood and the two were refrigerated separately, they could be combined up to a week later for a blood transfusion. He convinced Columbia University to start a blood bank and eventually established blood banks throughout Europe and the Pacific. Ironically, Drew died in 1950 after he had been severely injured in a car incident and wasn’t able to receive medical attention because of his race. According to an article entitled “Charles Drew,” “By the time he arrived at the more distant hospital for blacks he had lost so much blood that a transfusion was of no avail.” It was disputed whether or not Drew would have survived if given a blood transfusion immediately, and the story of his death angered many.
Hemophilia is a rare bleeding disorder that slows the blood clotting process, which is not normal. Some people with Hemophilia may just have a little bit of “clotting factor” or no clotting factor at all (National Institute of Health [NIH], 2013). Clotting factor is a protein in blood that controls bleeding and they are needed the blood to clot normally. In order to help the blood clot, clotting factors work with “platelets” (National Institute of Health [NIH], 2013). Platelets are small blood cell fragments that form in the bone marrow, a tissue in the bones that is similar to a sponge. The functions of platelets have a very important role in blood clotting; the role of a platelet is to stick together (by the help of clotting factors) to block cuts, break on the carriers of blood (veins or arteries) throughout the body, and stop the bleeding when “blood vessels” (National Institutes of Health [NIH], 2013) are injured. Blood vessels are tube like structures carrying blood through the tissues and organs, like a vein, artery, or capillary. People with hemophilia do not have enough “clotting factor VIII or IX” (World Federation of Hemophilia [WFH], 2013) in their blood, which results to prolonged bleeding or oozing, meaning that bleeding can last longer (though, not faster) than usual after surgeries, accidents, or having teeth pulled out at the dentist. Clotting factor VIII, which can also be called as “anti-hemophilic factor” (AHF, for short) (Patient.co.uk, 2011), is a blood clotting protein that is necessary for humans to have. Clotting Factor IX is a protein that i...
According the American Association of Blood Banks (AABB), there are several standards available for this procedure. These standards are vital to help intervene when blood transfusion is needed. It provides clinical recommendations to educate and aware nurses the recent advances and technological innovations in planning and management of transfusion medicine. The standards are updated so nurses can be in compliance with best practices of how to manage blood transfusion to assure the proper approach to patient care. The standards are updated as new clinical trials are performed and show different techniques. There are other associations which enforce the same standards but have some clinical variations. (AABB, 2010)
Blood donations were being made on a regular basis come the 1900’s, yet the donator had to be present to give the blood directly to the recipient due to the accelerated coagulation of blood once it mixed with the open air. To rectify this problem hematologists started adding sodium citrate to the blood of the donator which would in turn delay the coagulation process by a few days. This allowed for the first storing of blood and introduced the term “Blood Bank”. Dr. Bernard Fantus, the director of the Cook County Hospital in northern Chicago, IL spearheaded this discovery. He thought by lowering the temperature of blood that it would lower its metabolism and thereby prolong its vitality. Unknowingly, Dr. Fantus created the first Blood Bank within the United States which would in turn change the course of medicine and human mortality forever. With this new leap forward in modern medicine, blood donations in the United Sates were at an all time high during the 20th Century due to WWI and WWII. Blood transfusions saved the life of countless individuals participating in the war efforts. The Red cross reported that they alone were “distributing 40 percent of the Countries blood supply”. Alongside aiding with the war efforts, blood transfusions also carried an array of health benefits as
The only way hospitals can receive blood is through blood donations. About 34% of the population is eligible to give blood but, as I wrote earlier only 10% of those actually do donate. The possibility of someone patient being turned away from getting a transfusion has always motivated me to donate as often as I can. A basic blood donation takes about a pint of the donor’s blood however, the average red blood cell transfusion is about three pints of blood.
This product is being developed to be as an all-purpose red blood cell in which the need for perfectly matching donor to recipient blood would be eliminated. When matching up blood cells they must be identical otherwise the recipient would end up having a serious illness that in some cases are fatal. The all-purpose blood cell acts like a sort of camouflage to the body’s immune defenses that prevent it from being rejected. Even the manner in which the blood donors are now screened has effectively reduced the risk of diseases such as HIV and Hepatitis C from being transfused from person to person. Advances such as these continue to be made in every effort to improve the way blood is donated and received by both the patients and blood
Plasma International is a company that focuses on obtaining and selling blood for revenue and was founded by Sol Levin, a successful stockbroker.
I have given blood before and I am aware of the questionnaire and procedures used during the blood donation process.
Blood coagulation is a cascade of events that help heal a cut or damaged tissue; it is part of a host defense mechanism termed hemostasis [1] When a vessel, or damaged tissue is affected, macromolecules called platelets are introduced (Sticky molecules that assist to clot a cut to allow blood to once again pass) – With fibrin and plasma to help heal. Of course, there needs to be no abnormalities, such as temperature. A type of stroke bleeding is termed hemorrhage, caused by trauma. When blood from trauma irritates brain tissues, it causes swelling [2] In order for a blood clot to occur it requires enzymes to activate other enzymes: TF (Tissue Factor) Serine proteases (Enzymes) such as FVII and FV glycoproteins.
platelets on a slide, you would need to have the specimen recollected because of a clot, or
The Biomedical Scientists. "A Brief History of Blood Transfusion." - The Institute of Biomedical Science. IBMS, Nov. 2005. Web. 03 Dec. 2013.
Blood transfusions have become a common part of medical care with nearly 5 million Americans a year receiving a transfusion. Blood transfusions are used in the treatment of many different conditions, from replacing blood lost in surgeries or injuries to fighting diseases like liver disease, anemia, and bleeding disorders like hemophilia (Nglbi.nih.gov, 2014). Blood collection and transfusion are overseen by many different agencies including the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Through these agencies work in donor screening and surveillance, blood transfusions usually cause no adverse reactions in the recipient and are considered a safe medical procedure. Despite this, blood safety remains an important public health matter both due to the seriousness of some adverse reactions when they do occur and the need for preparedness in reacting to future blood safety issues that can suddenly arise when new bloodborne diseases emerge. It is for these reasons that Healthy People 2020 has made reducing the proportion of averse reactions from the medical use of blood and blood products one of their objectives.