Does Hypothermia Affect Blood Coagulation Enzyme Activity?
Blood coagulation:
Blood coagulation is a cascade of events that help heal a cut or damaged tissue; it is part of a host defense mechanism termed hemostasis [1] When a vessel, or damaged tissue is affected, macromolecules called platelets are introduced (Sticky molecules that assist to clot a cut to allow blood to once again pass) – With fibrin and plasma to help heal. Of course, there needs to be no abnormalities, such as temperature. A type of stroke bleeding is termed hemorrhage, caused by trauma. When blood from trauma irritates brain tissues, it causes swelling [2] In order for a blood clot to occur it requires enzymes to activate other enzymes: TF (Tissue Factor) Serine proteases (Enzymes) such as FVII and FV glycoproteins.
We can then observe whether temperature can affect the coagulation of cascade.
[23]
There are the three pathways in which coagulation occurs: Intrinsic, Extrinsic and Common. The intrinsic pathway is once a substance within the vessel wall (collagen that ordinarily hidden from the blood however exposed if the vessel is damaged) meets a unique chemical within the blood (Factor XII) a series of chemical changes occur that end in the formation of protein and a blood clot. The foreign pathway is ready in motion once blood leaves a broken vessel and enters the tissues around it. Then a chemical within the blood (Factor VII) comes into contact with a chemical within the tissues (Tissue Factor). Once these 2 rest a series of chemical changes occur that results in the formation of protein and a blood clot.
Hypothermia:
Hypothermia, a doubtless fatal condition, happens once blood heat falls below 95°F (35°C). Although physiological condition is a ...
... middle of paper ...
...hermore, some studies suggest that even though the hypothermia period was relatively short, haemostatic mechanism was impaired. Data indicate an increased thrombotic and fibrinolysis tendency. Major trauma and abdominal surgery are related to hypothermia, usually of duration longer than 60 minutes [22] Overall, this case study shows the enzyme activity and how serious it is; using one country as an example that can also be related to others, around 140 Canadians and 800 Americans die each year as a result of hypothermia [26] The whole idea of blood unable to clot as fast as it can will lead to trauma and strokes and brain injuries and is much more lethal than what it seems. Overall, the enzyme activity may not be dramatically decreased but it is enough to kill a human and it is now proven that the enzyme activity is affected by hypothermia and this is a big deal.
There are numerous risks for a patient during the preoperative stage of the perioperative journey. All patients undergoing a surgical procedure are at risk of developing perioperative hypothermia, although there are various factors which also further increase an individual’s susceptibility (Burger & Fitzpatrick, 2009). An individual’s body type can cause them more susceptible to heat loss during the perioperative period. The patient’s nutritional state and being malnourished, if the individual is female and is of low body weight therefore a high ratio of body surface area to weight and limited insulation to prevent heat loss, these are all factors which negatively affect heat loss and therefore increasing the individual’s risk of perioperative hypothermia (Lynch et al.,
The various modes of heat loss during this phase include radiation, convection, conduction and evaporation. Radiation contributes to maximum heat loss (approximately 40%) and is determined by the fourth power of difference between ambient and core temperature. Convection is the next most important mode of heat loss (upto 30%), and is due to loss of heat to air immediately surrounding the body. It is proportional to the square root of the velocity of the air currents. Evaporation contributes to less than 10% of heat loss and occurs from cleaning fluids as well as skin, respiratory, bowel and wound surfaces. Conduction accounts for least heat loss (upto 5%) and is due to cold surfaces in contact with the body such as operating room table. After 3-4 hours, a plateau phase is realized when core heat production equals heat loss to the periphery and core temperature reaches a
Stroke occurs when the blood supply to the brain is blocked or condensed. Blood works to transport oxygen and other beneficial substances to the body’s cells and organs, as well as the brain. There are two main types of strokes that are known as Ischemic strokes and Hemorrhagic strokes. When the blood vessels that provides for the brain becomes congested, is it referred to as ischemic stroke, the most common stroke within adults. Blood clots, a cluster of blood that sticks together, are the cause of Ischemic strokes. Ischemic strokes also takes place when arteries become backed up with plague, leaving less blood to flow. Plague is cholesterol, calcium and fibrous and connective tissue that sticks to the walls of blood vessels. Ischemic strokes eternally damage the brain and cause a person's body to no longer function habitually.Some risk factors that may increase stroke are high cholesterol, diabetes, high blood pressure, and obesity. Some stroke factors are also due to old age or having a family that has a history of strokes. Men are more likely to have a stroke but the most st...
The first was to see how long it would take to lower body temperature, and the next to decide how best to resuscitate a frozen victim. The doctors submerged a naked victim in an icy vat of water. They would insert an insulated thermometer into the victim’s rectum in order to monitor his or her body temperature. The icy vat proved to be the fastest way to drop the body’s temperature. Once the body reached 25 degrees Celsius, the victim would usually die.
Hypothermia is a common problem in surgical patients. Up to 70% of patients experience some degree of hypothermia that is undergoing anesthetic surgery. Complications include but are not limited to wound infections, myocardial ischemia, and greater oxygen demands. The formal definition of hypothermia is when the patient’s core body temperature drops below 36 degrees Celsius or 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit. Thus, the purpose of the paper is to synthesize what studies reveal about the current state of knowledge on the effects of pre-operative warming of patient’s postoperative temperatures. I will discuss consistencies and contradictions in the literature, and offer possible explanations for the inconsistencies. Finally I will provide preliminary conclusions on whether the research provides strong evidence to support a change in practice, or whether further research is needed to adequately address your inquiry.
Single circulatory system: This is a system where blood passes through the heart once when it makes a complete circuit round the body. (E.g fish)
Whenever an injury cannot be avoided, however, it activates a series of mechanisms to repair the organism. Evidence of these systems comes from blood platelets that clot wounds to prevent bleeding out.
The company provides innovative solutions to combat postoperative conditions such as hypothermia. Medical research indicates that 60 to 80 percent of all postoperative recovery room patients are clinically hypothermic. Hypothermia is caused by a patient’s exposure to cold operating room temperatures that are required by surgeons to control infection, and for the personal comfort of the surgeon. Hypothermia can also be a result of heat loss due to evaporation of the fluids used to scrub patients, evaporation from exposed bowel, and breathing of dry anesthetic gases. Dr. Augustine’s personal experience in the operating room convinced him that there was a need for a new system to warm patients after surgery.
Sepsis is defined as an exaggerated, overwhelming and uncontrolled systemic inflammatory response to an initially localised infection or tissue injury, which may lead to severe sepsis and septic shock if left untreated (Daniels, 2009; Robson & Daniels, 2013; Dellinger et al, 2013; Perman, Goyal & Gaieski, 2012; Vanzant & Schmelzer, 2011). Septic shock can be classified by acute circulatory failure as a result of massive vasodilation, increased capillary permeability and decreased vascular resistance in the body, causing refractory hypotension despite adequate fluid resuscitation. This leads to irreversible tissue ischaemia, end organ failure and ultimately, death (McClelland & Moxon, 2014; Sagy, Al-Qaqaa & Kim, 2013, Dellinger et al, 2013).
It is caused by clot that blocks blood vessels from supplying blood to the brain through cerebrovascular events. If there is no blood in the brain, then there is no oxygen or nutrients because it is blood that supplies it to the brain. This can cause permanent brain damage which can cause inflammation. Fasting has there been known to be effective and efficient against stroke because it increases cognitive functioning and health of the brain. In addition, fasting has been known to increase neuro-protective proteins and reduction in inflammatory substance known as cytokines. This is critical reducing the chances of damaging the brain that can cause
I realized it was a stroke,” –Fred, a stroke survivor. Some of the most common symptoms indicating that a stroke is occurring include sudden numbness or loss of movement in the limbs on one side of your body or face, sudden vision changes, sudden trouble speaking, sudden confusion, a very intense headache, or sudden balance issues. Stroke is simply acquired when the blood supply to the brain is suspended, but to get to the roots of what causes it, a stroke is triggered by the slowly forming plaque buildup over time. The plaque is made up of calcium, fat, cholesterol, cellular waste, and fibrin, a material involved in blood clotting. The plaque existing in an artery can grow big enough to block the supply of blood to the brain, resulting in a stroke. A stroke can also be caused by high blood pressure breaking a blood vessel in the brain causing internal bleeding. Although there is no cure, as damage the brain is usually irreversible if not cared for quickly; there are different treatments available for both types of stroke. For an ischemic stroke, a tissue called plasminogen activator can be injected into an artery to break up
Complete Blood Count with Differential is one of the most commonly ordered tests for routine check-ups and/or physicals. A complete blood count with differential measures the levels of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelet levels, hemoglobin and hematocrit. Most of the time it is ordered as a screening test to check for anemia or infection. The Complete Blood Count with Differential is used to aid in diagnosing and treating a large number of conditions (Lockwood, 2013).
“John first took leftover prescription painkillers and numbed his left foot in ice water to reduce impending pain. He then buried his foot in dry ice for six hours to induce severe frostbite and force surgeons to operate” (Adams, 2007).
Plasma was considered as the most important part of human blood, which carries out most of the function in relation to transport. Fluids is the major constituent of plasma, with an estimated total protein concentration of about 7.0-7.5 g/dl, as the solid component in plasma, that contain a complex mixture of different proteins which are mainly glycoprotein and lipoproteins. The concentration of plasma protein is largely occupied by Albumin, which is about 3.4-4.7 g/dl as the major protein; this protein will be discourse in further details, (Murray et al 2003). Plasma protein plays a role as biomarkers in diagnosing human diseases, due to their functions as dynamic interface for molecular transport in the body even though, their determination is very difficult because it contain almost 3700 different proteins as found in the literature, (Manley and Gailer, 2009). It was well known from early research, (Himmelhoch, et al, 1966) that plasma protein contain a minute amount of metals, and different technique were used to determine distribution, which will explained in more details. These metals are essential for many function in relation to good health of a living organism, 15 trace element found in plasma were considered of great importance in this aspect which includes but not limited to: Fe, Zn, Cu, Se, Co, I, K, Na, Mg, Mn, Ca, as reported by (Muniz, et al 2013). However, among these trace element Cu and Zn where considered as the most important of all the trace elements in coordinating health activities and were found to bound one metal per protein. The distribution of these metals was found to be high in Plasma Albumin with a concentration of 36.1-53.6 ...
I will be investigating Human Blood as my specific tissue and giving an overview on the location, characteristics, and the benefits it has to the human body. Blood is extracellular matrix that is consists of plasma, red blood cells, platelets, and white blood cells. Blood is located within the capillaries/veins/arteries of the human body, which are blood vessels that run through the entire body. These blood vessels allow the blood to flow smoothly and quickly from the heart to distinct parts of the human body. The unique parts of human blood all work together for a purpose: the Red Blood Cells(erythrocytes) transports oxygen throughout the body, White Blood Cells(leukocytes) play a part in the bodies immune system, Platelets(thrombocytes) assist in creating scabs,