Chapter 1
Introduction
1.1 Introduction to metal distribution in Blood plasma
Plasma was considered as the most important part of human blood, which carries out most of the function in relation to transport. Fluids is the major constituent of plasma, with an estimated total protein concentration of about 7.0-7.5 g/dl, as the solid component in plasma, that contain a complex mixture of different proteins which are mainly glycoprotein and lipoproteins. The concentration of plasma protein is largely occupied by Albumin, which is about 3.4-4.7 g/dl as the major protein; this protein will be discourse in further details, (Murray et al 2003). Plasma protein plays a role as biomarkers in diagnosing human diseases, due to their functions as dynamic interface for molecular transport in the body even though, their determination is very difficult because it contain almost 3700 different proteins as found in the literature, (Manley and Gailer, 2009). It was well known from early research, (Himmelhoch, et al, 1966) that plasma protein contain a minute amount of metals, and different technique were used to determine distribution, which will explained in more details. These metals are essential for many function in relation to good health of a living organism, 15 trace element found in plasma were considered of great importance in this aspect which includes but not limited to: Fe, Zn, Cu, Se, Co, I, K, Na, Mg, Mn, Ca, as reported by (Muniz, et al 2013). However, among these trace element Cu and Zn where considered as the most important of all the trace elements in coordinating health activities and were found to bound one metal per protein. The distribution of these metals was found to be high in Plasma Albumin with a concentration of 36.1-53.6 ...
... middle of paper ...
...l, and taste, hypogonadism, hypospermia, and night blindness. These were reported to as more serious conditions in low dietary Zn intake for example, (Bahl et al, 1998) studies how a low Plasma zinc concentration increases diarrhoea and respiratory morbidity in children. Considering the effect of Zn deficiency on severity of infection in gastrointestinal tract, it was observed that low dietary Zn intake increases diarrhoeal and respiratory morbidity.
It is clearly understood in this small context that Zn has a great roll in many activities relating to biological processes that result in positive improvement of human health. The need for expanded research is therefore paramount as stressed in a report (Hambidge, 2000), with view to identify Zn biomarkers, to expose the complexity in Zn metabolism and to understanding the homeostasis of Zn at molecular levels.
Wallace Terry has collected a wide range of stories told by twenty black Vietnam veterans. The stories are varied based on each experience; from the horrific to the heart breaking and to the glorified image of Vietnam depicted by Hollywood. Wallace Terry does not insinuate his opinion into any of the stories so that the audience can feel as if they are having a conversation with the Vietnam Veteran himself. Terry introduces the purpose of the book by stating, “ Among the 20 men who portray their war and postwar experiences in this book. I sought a representative cross section of the black combat force.”(p. XV) Although the stories in this book were not told in any specific order, many themes became prominent throughout the novel such as religion, social, and health.
Many people throughout the world visit the United States every year to receive medical treatment. This is due to our excellent pharmaceutical industry as it spends million of dollars and many hours of research to come up with what we can only describe as “miracle” drugs and treatments. Part of the success of many of these medications is because the pharmaceutical industry is highly regulated by policies that protect the public from accessing drugs that have not been fully tested and found to be “safe”. However, this was not the case until the late 1990s and early 2000s. One time in history that highly influenced the strict regulations we currently have was the nationwide contamination of patients through blood transfusion or by consuming medications
Each year athlete’s ability to perform seems to increase by leaps and bounds. Some reasons for this can be attributed to better training methods, better conditioning techniques, and better over all health of the athlete. While most situations involve one or more of the previously scenarios, some athletes always seem to take it to a step further. They engage in a process called blood doping. This procedure does increase physical performance and athletic ability, but potentially may do more harm than good.
It is stated in the National Blood Transfusion Service (2013) guidelines of the World Health Organization (WHO) that donor recruitment must begin from donors who belong in a low risk, safe and healthy population of a community. It is also strongly prohibited to pay any donors. The blood transfusion process is a very thorough and meticulous process to ensure the safety of the donor and the recipient of the blood unit.
Before WWI, the practice of medicine was far from how it has developed into today. The practice was not advanced, and therefore, had few concrete methods. However, with the beginning of the First World War, there was a great push to improve these methods. Although the war caused much illness and death, it also catalyzed many improvements such as blood transfusions, x-rays, vaccines, and sanitation.
Have you ever given blood? Have you ever been asked what type of blood you have? There are four different blood types, and it is very important to know which kind you have for medical reasons and for the benefit of others.
There has been a dramatic rise in the rate of caesarean section (CS) in the last two decade making it the most commonly performed procedure worldwide. 1Surveys (2, 3) have indicated that 3-5% of total red cells transfusion is related to obstetrics with higher rate in CS patients compared to those having vaginal delivery (1-7% versus 1%) (4, 5).
In Blood In Blood Out is a drama directed by Taylor Hackford, and starring Damian Chapa (Miklo), Benjamin Bratt (Paco), and Jesse Borrego (Cruz), produced by Hollywood Pictures. The film was based off everyday life in East Los Angeles, from the 1970’s through the 1980’s. Damian Chapa stars as Miklo in the film, a Mexican-American who wanted to be accepted, not by his skin but for the Mexican within him. Benjamin Bratt (Paco) was the older cousin of Miklo, who learned his lesson throughout the movie and changed his ways. Jesse Borrego (Cruz) is the step-brother of Paco who was a talent artist, who ended up turning to drugs because of back problems caused by a rival gang incident.
Hemophilia is an inherited disease which slows the blood clotting process due to missing or reduced clotting factor proteins. Although uncommon, it is possible for Hemophilia to be acquired if the body produces antibodies that attack clotting factors. Only 30% of Hemophilia cases are due to spontaneous mutations. Hemophilia is a rare disorder. Approximately 1 in 5000 males has Hemophilia. The disorder is much more common in males than females. It is estimated that over 400000 individuals worldwide (.006% of the world’s population) have Hemophilia (National Hemophilia Foundation). Individuals with Hemophilia do not lose blood at a faster rate than others but they do bleed for longer. Small cuts and bruises are not usually life threatening but any serious injury or invasive surgery has the potential to be life threatening because of this disorder. Hemophilia can also cause internal bleeding, which can cause organ or tissue damage. This can be life threatening as well. There are two types of Hemophilia. Hemophilia A is due to the individual producing low levels of clotting factor VIII while Hemophilia B is due to the individual producing low levels of clotting factor IX. Clotting factors are proteins which interact with platelets so that clots can be formed. Clotting factors allow the platelets to clump together to seal cuts and tears in blood vessels to prevent excessive bleeding. Hemophilia can be mild moderate or severe depending on the amount of clotting factor in the blood. Individuals with mild Hemophilia have 6% to 49% of the normal amount of clotting factor. Individuals with moderate hemophilia have 1% to 5%, while those with severe have less than 1% of the normal clotting factor (National Hemophilia Foundation). Indivi...
= Before conducting the experiment I would conduct a simple test for the protein by placing a sample of the albumen into a test tube and add biurett reagent. This contains copper (II) sulphate and sodium hydroxide.
Marginal zinc deficiency: approximately 2 billion people worldwide suffer dietary zinc deficiency. It is now acknowledged that milder zinc deficiency causes some health problems, particularly in children who are living in developing countries. The experimental studies proved the role of zinc supplementation to treat marginal zinc deficiency that causes general weakness and impaired growth in children.
Zinc is effective at boosting the body’s immune system, healing wounds, effective at treating tinnitus, as well as preventing ear infections. In addition, being deficient in zinc is related to age-related hearing loss. Include these zinc-rich foods into your daily diet: beef, dark-eat chicken, pork, cashews, peanuts, almonds, split peas, lentils, oysters, and dark
Pyroluria is a blood disease that results from the defective synthesis of hemoglobin in the blood. The disease results in massive excretion of zinc and a build-up of copper. Hemoglobin is that all-important molecule of the blood made of iron and proteins that transports binds to and transports oxygen and carbon-dioxide to and from every cell in the body. It makes up 96% of a red blood cell’s dry mass, approximately 15g per liter of blood. During the creation of this molecule, a waste product called kryptopyrrole is also synthesized. Usually this molecule is benign and the body excretes it through urine, but when certain genes are activated it binds to zinc, vitamin B6, and Omega 6’s. This prevents these critical components from being used in synthesis, and they are excreted along with the kryptopyrrole.
I will be investigating Human Blood as my specific tissue and giving an overview on the location, characteristics, and the benefits it has to the human body. Blood is extracellular matrix that is consists of plasma, red blood cells, platelets, and white blood cells. Blood is located within the capillaries/veins/arteries of the human body, which are blood vessels that run through the entire body. These blood vessels allow the blood to flow smoothly and quickly from the heart to distinct parts of the human body. The unique parts of human blood all work together for a purpose: the Red Blood Cells(erythrocytes) transports oxygen throughout the body, White Blood Cells(leukocytes) play a part in the bodies immune system, Platelets(thrombocytes) assist in creating scabs,
Blood transfusions have become a common part of medical care with nearly 5 million Americans a year receiving a transfusion. Blood transfusions are used in the treatment of many different conditions, from replacing blood lost in surgeries or injuries to fighting diseases like liver disease, anemia, and bleeding disorders like hemophilia (Nglbi.nih.gov, 2014). Blood collection and transfusion are overseen by many different agencies including the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Through these agencies work in donor screening and surveillance, blood transfusions usually cause no adverse reactions in the recipient and are considered a safe medical procedure. Despite this, blood safety remains an important public health matter both due to the seriousness of some adverse reactions when they do occur and the need for preparedness in reacting to future blood safety issues that can suddenly arise when new bloodborne diseases emerge. It is for these reasons that Healthy People 2020 has made reducing the proportion of averse reactions from the medical use of blood and blood products one of their objectives.