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Strengths and weaknesses of the bystander effect study
Strengths and weaknesses of the bystander effect study
Strengths and weaknesses of the bystander effect study
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On March 13th, 1964, a woman named 'Kitty Genovese' was stabbed by a psychopathic stranger on the street near her home in New York City. While she was being murdered brutally for 35 minutes, 38 neighbors were witnessing the crime scene. In spite of her desperate cry for help, none of them had offered any help. Even after the criminal had left, only one neighbor called police, but by the time police had arrived, she had already gone dead. This incident is well-known as 'Genovese Syndrome', which refers to a social phenomenon where a person is less likely to offer help to another person who are in danger. It is also known as 'Bystander effect', and it is rising as a serious issue in a modern society where individualism is becoming widespread among people. Good Samaritan law is legislated in order to punish bystanders and to protect the members of society. In spite of its good purpose, bystanders should not be punished with this law as it invades principles that are stated in law, puts burden on the society, and is not a fundamental solution.
First of all, Good Samaritan law is an invasion of principles that are protected with law. It invades the Eighth Amendment of human rights. According to the constitution of United States, the Eighth Amendment is the protection against unusual punishment. Except Good Samaritan law, no such laws punish people who have not done anything to cause crime acts. Laws are there to punish those who have committed crimes, not witnesses. Since Good Samaritan law punishes these innocent witnesses, it would be an unusual punishment. In addition, it is an intrusion of the Fourteenth Amendment of privacy rights. As it is stated on the US constitution, the Fourteenth Amendment is the protection of “the righ...
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...r help to victims, sincerely being motivated by their own willingness. Therefore, through re-education, there would be lower recidivism rate and higher moralities than before, making society a more worthwhile place to live in.
Bystander effect is a serious problem in our society, and something must be done in order to solve it. There have been attempts to solve this issue, and one of them is Good Samaritan law. Although its purpose is to prevent bystander effect, bystanders should not be punished with law because it intrudes principles in constitution, it places burden on society, and it does not solve the problem fundamentally. Solution should be re-education instead, which would not only solve bystander effect but also raise the level of people’s moral standards. After all, it seems that re-education is the best solution that can replace Good Samaritan law.
The bystander effect is a the phenomenon in which the more people are are around the less likely someone will step-in or help in a given situation. THe most prominent example of this is the tragic death of Kitty Genovese. In march of 1964 Kitty genovese was murdered in the alley outside of her apartment. That night numerous people reported hearing the desperate cries for help made by Kitty Genovese who was stabbed to death. Her screams ripped through the night and yet people walked idly by her murder. No one intervened and not even a measly phone call to the police was made.
Martin Luther King, Jr. once said, “The ultimate tragedy is not the oppression and cruelty by the bad people but the silence over that by the good people.” We are All Bystanders by Jason Marsh and Dacher Keltner is an article that reflects on the psychological and social phenomenon that refers to cases in which people do not offer any assistance or help to a victim. Studies say that a person's personality can determine how they react to a bystander situation. In a book called, The Heart of Altruism, author Kristen Monroe writes the altruistic perspective. Altruistic people are strongly connected to other humans and have a concern for the well-being of others. Markus Zusak’s The Book Thief exemplifies the bystander theory through Liesel and
Education has been proven to reduce recidivism rates and increase the success of an offender’s re-integration into society. In a study conducted in 1994 by the American Bureau of Justice Statistics, nearly half of the 302,309 released offenders surveyed in fifteen different states were convicted of a new crime within three years of their release. This data shows that prison fails to properly rehabilitate offenders, since after prison ex-convicts continue to live in a way th...
The bystander effect plays a key role in society today. More and more people ignore a person in distress.
...hrough a long and complicated process of development. The goal of community service has not always been clear. However, due to increasing in the prison population, community-based corrections is now seen as a good alternative to incarceration due to its rehabilitative nature and cost savings. Communities also support non-incarceration measures for offenders who commit minor offenses. Community-based sanctions are more humane and even more effective in reducing the problem of recidivism. The biggest problem to reforming the system is the perception that offenders are inherently bad, and they cannot be reformed. Evidence from research suggests that rehabilitative programs aimed at restorative justice as opposed to retributive justice are good for all the parties. Importantly, it addresses the criminal tendencies that led to the commission of crime in the first place.
Although some believe that the “just desert” method will restore balance to the community, it has been found to be ineffective when properly dealing with the elimination of crime in the future (Wenzel and Theilmann, 2006). Instead the “just desert” approach creates a antagonistic relationship between the community, victims, and offenders. However by taking a restorative justice approach to crime, offenders have the opportunity to engage in community service and give back as well as attend educational programs that educate them on victim awareness (Wenzel and Theilmann, 2006). This approach was also found to restore values in offenders and bring about more understanding between the offender, their victim(s), and communities (Wenzel and Theilmann, 2006). Karen Pryor, a well known Behavior Psychologist who focused much of her studies on training and the avoidance of punishment practices, said it best when she stated that punishment is the first thought when behavior goes wrong and that it is humanity’s favorite method of dealing with undesired behaviors (Pryor, 1996). However, this should not be the case, especially with our juveniles whether delinquent or not because harsh punishment practices does not teach anything, and is merely a temporary solution to the real problem (Pryor,
If an individual is familiar with their surrounding “they are more likely to help” (Altruism and Helping Behavior. Print). In the essay, the authors state “the scene of the crime, the streets, in middle class society “represents all the vulgar and perilous in life” (Milgram, Stanley, and Paul Hollander. Paralyzed Witnesses: The Murder They Heard. Print.). In society, the streets, especially at night, represents the dangerous and negative sides of society due to the crimes and chaos that occur on the streets (gangs, drive-by shootings, robberies, murders, large crowds walking, etc.). The crimes and dangers of the streets cause many people to fear being on the streets alone which leads to external conflicts. When the murder was occurring, the witnesses’ attitudes of the streets prevented them from calling the police due to the fear of the streets and since the witnesses were middle-class, they believed that Genovese was poor, a criminal, or someone who has nothing else to do and was expecting for the=is to eventually
One of the strengths is providing a new insight into bystander effect. The study argued that researchers have previously neglected the potential benefit of bystanders and thus, the study provided a new horizon by proving reversed bystander effect through experiment. This allows us to be aware of the fact that someone may be providing help merely due to impression management. This arouses a doubt on whether the one who provides help is genuinely concerned about the needs of the victims, or one is just motivated by upholding his/her reputation when surrounded by a crowd. Besides, carrying out a manipulation check right after this experiment is beneficial to this study as well....
As the purpose of restorative justice is to mend the very relationship between the victim, offender, and society, communities that embrace restorative justice foster an awareness on how the act has harmed others. Braithwaite (1989) notes that by rejecting only the criminal act and not the offender, restorative justice allows for a closer empathetic relationship between the offender, victims, and community. By acknowledging the intrinsic worth of the offender and their ability to contribute back to the community, restorative justice shows how all individuals are capable of being useful despite criminal acts previous. This encourages offenders to safely reintegrate into society, as they are encouraged to rejoin and find rapport with the community through their emotions and
This essay presents evidence for various arguments of the causes of the bystander effect including: diffusion of responsibility, perceived authority, audience inhibition and individual differences. Although the bystander effect is partly caused by diffusion of responsibility, it is important to remember that we must take into consideration other factors that also contribute. As individuals we have different beliefs, attitudes and values. Therefore we respond to situations differently. Some people are self-absorbed in their own lives so assume someone else will help, others comply with authority, some are embarrassed to help and many people are just not able to help. This disagrees with the claim that the bystander effect is caused by diffusion of responsibility, suggesting all factors can cause the bystander effect depending on the
...apabilities to deal with this which is not the case so much nowadays as Tony Marshall (1999) argues. There are criticisms over procedures, loss of rights such as an independent and impartial forum as well as the principle of proportionality in sentencing. There is also an unrealistic expectation that restorative justice can produce major changes in deviant behaviour, as there is not enough evidence to support this claim (Cunneen, 2007). Levrant et al (1999) on the other hand suggests that restorative justice still remains unproven in its’ effectiveness to stop reoffending and argues that its appeal lies in its apparent morality and humanistic sentiments rather than its empirical effectiveness. He continues to argue that it allows people to feel better within themselves through having the moral high ground rather than focusing on providing justice to the offender.
However, that opposing argument can be found as hypocritical. If a person was getting robbed in an ally and they saw many witnesses taking no action they would likely be upset by the fact of no one is offering any assistance to them. Bystanders should put themselves into the shoes of the person in need and ask themselves how they would expect others to respond if they were the one in need. Often time’s bystanders take no intervention because of the diffusion of responsibility. “When there are four or more people who are bystanders to an emergency situation, the likelihood that at least one of them will help is just 31%” (Gaille). Another statistic shows that 85% of people who were bystanders would intervene if they knew or at least though they were the only person present in the situation. Often the only thing keeping people from intervening in bystander situations are other people. It is important for bystanders to understand the statistics of the people around them in order to create action because often times they do not realize that if they were to intervene other people would likely support them in the situation. Bystanders need to make it a personal responsibility to intervene in situations for the good of other. If people were to always take action the amount of bullying, sexual harassment, crime, and many other significant issues within a society would drastically
Pros of the restorative justice system are that it brings parties together in crime. Instead of a short term goal, the restorative justice system takes a long-term approach to reducing crime and violence using different kinds of methods. In restorative justice programs, offenders work with others affected by their criminal actions. Restorative justice promotes instilling positive behaviors in young criminals and teaching long-lasting changes in behavior to prevent future crimes. There also could be negative consequences from the restorative justice system. For restorative justice to work, criminals and their victims must communicate about the crime and its consequences. Since violent crimes often leave victims feeling helpless and vulnerable, encouraging communication can result in increased anxiety and fear. Additionally, communication might breach confidentiality for victims of violent crimes, such as rape and assault, because they must discuss the outcome of the crime and how it has impacted
Emergency situations can call for an erratic response to someone’s life in which a person is injured or one’s life is in danger. The decision to be a hero or to be saved must be made. Despite the scenario, high emotion may be involved for both the hero and the one being saved. The hero could make the scene worse or cause more injury to the one being save. Furthermore, the hero could be sued for negligence. Issues of being sued could play an impact when a person makes the decision whether to be the hero or remain a bystander. Consequently, the “Good Samaritan Law” benefit those who could be potentially be accused of negligence after giving emergency care. However, lay responders must comply to legal regulations
As data shows, high school degree is the most common educational need among inmates (Mac Donald 2003). A sophisticated research conducted by Steurer, Smith, and Tracy (2001) shows that the educational program in prison is effective. They found that the prison education reduced the recidivism rate (Appendix Figure 1), and the education program contribute a lot on reducing recidivism. More than 10% lower of the recidivism rate on re-arrest, re-conviction, and re-incarceration areas. However, data may not be very accurate because of the bias of the different characteristics of the participant, but it is still good enough to show education program in prison plays a crucial role in reducing recidivism. So, education program in the prison is important.