Computer Architecture & Organization (2) Research Dr. Bassam Kahhaleh Waseem Arafeh 20100014 In this research we will discuss the techniques Intel designers did to improve microprocessors. The focus will be on the Intel Core I7 CPU methods that made them do a progress in performance, CPU clock rate, Quick path interconnect speed, …etc. Intel started to market i7 name at the beginning of 2008, before the ‘Core2’ was in use. I7-chip processers bring revolutionary changes to CPU. Memory This element governs the memory I/O, before it was located on separate chip but now it is located inside the processer providing faster communication between the two components, this means more bandwidth and cutting down memory latency. Memory channel supports three channels of DDR3 memory; this means you must have a multiple of three dual in line memory module (DIMM), which comprises a series of dynamic random access memory then comes the memory frequency where the memory DIMM can operate on various frequencies: 1333MHz/1066MHz/800MHz, the frequency is proportional to the bandwidth and performance, thus the higher the frequency the higher the bandwidth and performance but under conditions: 1. The motherboard must support that frequency. * Core i7 require LGA1366 socket to serve. 2. There must be enough memory DIMMs populated per processer to equalize with the number of memory channels. * If you have 3 or less DIMMs populated for each processer, they will run at 1333Mhz. If you added 1 to 3 more DIMM the original 3 and the added one will serve at lower frequency 1066MHz. By considering both memory channel and memory frequency the memory capacity performance can be highly increased. Intel QuickPath Interconnect ... ... middle of paper ... ...es running multiple OSs side-by-side on the same processing hardware. Intel has added new features such as hardware-assisted page-table management and directed I/O in the Core i7 processors and its chipsets that allow software to further improve their performance in virtualized environments. These improvements coupled with increases in memory bandwidth and processing performance allow engineers and scientists to build more capable and complex virtualized systems for test, measurement, and control. The Core i7 family of processors based on the Intel offers many new and improved features that benefit a wide variety of applications including test, measurement, and control. Engineers and scientists can expect to see processing performance gains as well as increases in memory and data throughput when comparing this microarchitecture to previous microarchitectures.
The EEPROM chip can store up to one kilobytes of data and is divided into 64 words with 16 bits each. Some memory is inaccessible or reserved for later us...
NVE Corp. has patents on advanced MRAM designs which include vertical transport MRAM, magnetothermal MRAM, and spin-momentum transfer MRAM. These advanced designs are aimed to resolve the current hindrances of MRAM technology; mainly, lowering manufacturing costs while increasing memory density. Due to MRAM’s more expensive production costs and larger relative size than DRAM and Flash RAM, they are slowly being integrated into electronics devices.
7. Megahertz (MHz, millions of hertz), and Gigahertz (GHz, billions of hertz) measure CPU frequencies, that is the maximum number of CPU pulses per second.
Virtualization is a technology that creates an abstract version of a complete operating environment including a processor, memory, storage, network links, and a display entirely in software. Because the resulting runtime environment is completely software based, the software produces what’s called a virtual computer or a virtual machine (M.O., 2012). To simplify, virtualization is the process of running multiple virtual machines on a single physical machine. The virtual machines share the resources of one physical computer, and each virtual machine is its own environment.
This memory is assists in allowing the computer to simultaneously read and write data at the same time. Simply put, RAM is the most common form of memory that is utilized by computers as well as other devices. There are specific types of RAM that include dynamic random access memory and static random access memory, or DRAM and SRAM respectively. These two RAM are very different in terms of how they allow data to be read and written. Dynamic random access memory is often considered the most frequent type found in computers. Static random access memory is also found in computer, and is usually referred to as the faster of the two types due to the fact that refreshing of this form of memory is not needed whereas with dynamic random access memory it is. The term RAM is often used to describe what the computer uses to function. It is the main memory or primary memory whereby all processes and software run. Since it is random access memory, it is only available at the time a certain process is needed and is not stored anywhere on the computer specifically (2007). This is what makes random access memory often confusing to understand particular since computers also have what is known as read only
Throughout its history, Intel has centered its strategy on the tenets of technological leadership and innovation (Burgelman, 1994). Intel established its reputation for taking calculated risks early on in 1969 by pioneering the metal-oxide semiconductor (MOS) processing technology. This new process technology enabled Intel to increase the number of circuits while simultaneously being able to reduce the cost-per-bit by tenfold. In 1970, Intel once again led the way with the introduction of the world’s first DRAM. While other companies had designed functioning DRAMs, they had failed to develop a process technology that would allow manufacturing of the devices to be commercially viable. By 1972, unit sales for the 1103, Intel’s original DRAM, had accounted for over 90% of the company’s $23.4 million revenue (Cogan & Burgelman, 2004).
Intel is a multinational semiconductor chip maker corporation with the main headquarters located in Santa Clara, California. Founded on July 18, 1968, they are the world’s largest and highest valued semiconductor chip manufacturer (based on the company’s income) and are also the inventor of the x86 series processor2. It was founded by two men, Gordon E. Moore and Robert Noyce; the duo came from the Fairchild Semiconductor company. Intel’s first product after founding was the 3101 Schottky TTL bipolar 64-bit static random-access memory which was nearly twice as fast as earlier iterations by Fairchild and other competing companies. In the very same year, 1969, Intel also manufactured the 3301 Schottky bipolar 1024-bit read-only memory and the first publicly available metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor silicon gate SRAM chip, which was the 256-bit 1101.
...market share, Intel progressively reduced licensee and developed process and manufacturing infrastructure to manufacture chips by itself. Thus, it contained the “profit pool” in its value chain. Thereafter, successful tie-ups with ‘horizontal’ complementors like Compaq 7 Microsoft led to wrecking of IBM’s hegemony. With established leadership in microprocessor industry, Intel strategically started ‘Intel Inside’ and ‘Runs better on Pentium processor’ programs to improve brand recognition. As more and more end-customers identified Intel and microprocessor as the most important component in a PC, Intel could now command higher power and bargaining position with OEM and software manufacturers. This ensures demand-side control.
As a company that owns majority of the computer-chip market, Intel is a “monopoly”. According to the textbook Business Ethics: Concept and Cases (Velaquez, 2014) Intel owned 90 percent of the market when they started their power trip. Furthermore, the company has managed to control 71% of the x86 technology market, as of 2011. To further support this claim,
...kinson and Shriffin model: the parallel- distributed and processing connectionistic. The parallel-distributed processing model states that information is processed simultaneously by several different parts of the memory system. Since the time of the first experiment on grouping, psychologists have consistently found that
Wolf, D. (2013), Qualcomm: Cometh the Reaper, [Online], Available on: http://siliconhutong.com/category/hardware-and-silicon/, (Accessed on 2 March 2014).
Intel Corporation. (n.d.). Dual-Core Intel® Xeon® Processors LV and ULV for embeded computing. Retrieved May 23, 2010, from Intel Corporation Web site: http://download.intel.com/design/intarch/prodbref/31578602.pdf
A processor is the chip inside a computer which carries out of the functions of the computer at various speeds. There are many processors on the market today. The two most well known companies that make processors are Intel and AMD. Intel produces the Pentium chip, with the most recent version of the Pentium chip being the Pentium 3. Intel also produces the Celeron processor (Intel processors). AMD produces the Athlon processor and the Duron processor (AMD presents).
There are four types of memory. These are the RAM, ROM, EEPROM and the Bootstrap loader. The RAM, also known as Random Access Memory, is the temporary space where the processor places the data while it is being used. This allows the computer to find the information that is being requested quickly without having to search the hard drive space. Once the information has been processed, and stored onto a permanent storage device, it is cleared out of the RAM. The RAM also houses the operating system while in
computer architecture Computer architecture covers the design of system software, such as the operating system (the program that controls the computer), as well as referring to the combination of hardware and basic software that links the machines on a computer network. Computer architecture refers to an entire structure and to the details needed to make it functional. Thus, computer architecture covers computer systems, microprocessors, circuits, and system programs. Typically the term does not refer to application programs, such as spreadsheets or word processing, which are required to perform a task but not to make the system run.