Computer Architecture & Organization (2) Research Dr. Bassam Kahhaleh Waseem Arafeh 20100014 In this research we will discuss the techniques Intel designers did to improve microprocessors. The focus will be on the Intel Core I7 CPU methods that made them do a progress in performance, CPU clock rate, Quick path interconnect speed, …etc. Intel started to market i7 name at the beginning of 2008, before the ‘Core2’ was in use. I7-chip processers bring revolutionary changes to CPU. Memory This element governs the memory I/O, before it was located on separate chip but now it is located inside the processer providing faster communication between the two components, this means more bandwidth and cutting down memory latency. Memory channel supports three channels of DDR3 memory; this means you must have a multiple of three dual in line memory module (DIMM), which comprises a series of dynamic random access memory then comes the memory frequency where the memory DIMM can operate on various frequencies: 1333MHz/1066MHz/800MHz, the frequency is proportional to the bandwidth and performance, thus the higher the frequency the higher the bandwidth and performance but under conditions: 1. The motherboard must support that frequency. * Core i7 require LGA1366 socket to serve. 2. There must be enough memory DIMMs populated per processer to equalize with the number of memory channels. * If you have 3 or less DIMMs populated for each processer, they will run at 1333Mhz. If you added 1 to 3 more DIMM the original 3 and the added one will serve at lower frequency 1066MHz. By considering both memory channel and memory frequency the memory capacity performance can be highly increased. Intel QuickPath Interconnect ... ... middle of paper ... ...es running multiple OSs side-by-side on the same processing hardware. Intel has added new features such as hardware-assisted page-table management and directed I/O in the Core i7 processors and its chipsets that allow software to further improve their performance in virtualized environments. These improvements coupled with increases in memory bandwidth and processing performance allow engineers and scientists to build more capable and complex virtualized systems for test, measurement, and control. The Core i7 family of processors based on the Intel offers many new and improved features that benefit a wide variety of applications including test, measurement, and control. Engineers and scientists can expect to see processing performance gains as well as increases in memory and data throughput when comparing this microarchitecture to previous microarchitectures.
NVE Corp. has patents on advanced MRAM designs which include vertical transport MRAM, magnetothermal MRAM, and spin-momentum transfer MRAM. These advanced designs are aimed to resolve the current hindrances of MRAM technology; mainly, lowering manufacturing costs while increasing memory density. Due to MRAM’s more expensive production costs and larger relative size than DRAM and Flash RAM, they are slowly being integrated into electronics devices.
7. Megahertz (MHz, millions of hertz), and Gigahertz (GHz, billions of hertz) measure CPU frequencies, that is the maximum number of CPU pulses per second.
This memory is assists in allowing the computer to simultaneously read and write data at the same time. Simply put, RAM is the most common form of memory that is utilized by computers as well as other devices. There are specific types of RAM that include dynamic random access memory and static random access memory, or DRAM and SRAM respectively. These two RAM are very different in terms of how they allow data to be read and written. Dynamic random access memory is often considered the most frequent type found in computers. Static random access memory is also found in computer, and is usually referred to as the faster of the two types due to the fact that refreshing of this form of memory is not needed whereas with dynamic random access memory it is. The term RAM is often used to describe what the computer uses to function. It is the main memory or primary memory whereby all processes and software run. Since it is random access memory, it is only available at the time a certain process is needed and is not stored anywhere on the computer specifically (2007). This is what makes random access memory often confusing to understand particular since computers also have what is known as read only
Process tuning strategy is to minimize the average power consumption of multi-core processors that use the DVFS and CG techniques, while providing the same maximum performance. By scaling the supply voltage (VDD), maximum operating frequency is increased to enhance the performance of a multi core processor. However, increasing VDD is limited by the power and thermal constraints. These constraints can be determined by capacity of supply voltage regulators and cooling solutions in the computing platforms customized for each computing segment.
Virtualization is a technology that creates an abstract version of a complete operating environment including a processor, memory, storage, network links, and a display entirely in software. Because the resulting runtime environment is completely software based, the software produces what’s called a virtual computer or a virtual machine (M.O., 2012). To simplify, virtualization is the process of running multiple virtual machines on a single physical machine. The virtual machines share the resources of one physical computer, and each virtual machine is its own environment.
every size of chip. By doing this I will find out if the rate of
The EEPROM chip can store up to one kilobytes of data and is divided into 64 words with 16 bits each. Some memory is inaccessible or reserved for later us...
...kinson and Shriffin model: the parallel- distributed and processing connectionistic. The parallel-distributed processing model states that information is processed simultaneously by several different parts of the memory system. Since the time of the first experiment on grouping, psychologists have consistently found that
According to the casing study, Intel’s “Rebates” and Other Ways It “Helped” Customers Intel paid customer huge pay. As the dominating company, they purposely paid other companies not to use ADM products. They paid Dell 6 billion dollars over a 5 year period (Velasquez, 2014). In addition, they knew ADM would not be able to compete with them: they took advantage of their size and used their rebate program to try and ADM from advancing in the x86 processor industry. In addition, Intel’s monolply-like behavior is displayed in the terms of quality. They did not care about customers wanting the reliable x86 processors, they wanted to monopolize the market with their product, and would pay a huge amount of money to achieve their
Intel Corporation. (n.d.). Dual-Core Intel® Xeon® Processors LV and ULV for embeded computing. Retrieved May 23, 2010, from Intel Corporation Web site: http://download.intel.com/design/intarch/prodbref/31578602.pdf
Wolf, D. (2013), Qualcomm: Cometh the Reaper, [Online], Available on: http://siliconhutong.com/category/hardware-and-silicon/, (Accessed on 2 March 2014).
A processor is the chip inside a computer which carries out of the functions of the computer at various speeds. There are many processors on the market today. The two most well known companies that make processors are Intel and AMD. Intel produces the Pentium chip, with the most recent version of the Pentium chip being the Pentium 3. Intel also produces the Celeron processor (Intel processors). AMD produces the Athlon processor and the Duron processor (AMD presents).
There are four types of memory. These are the RAM, ROM, EEPROM and the Bootstrap loader. The RAM, also known as Random Access Memory, is the temporary space where the processor places the data while it is being used. This allows the computer to find the information that is being requested quickly without having to search the hard drive space. Once the information has been processed, and stored onto a permanent storage device, it is cleared out of the RAM. The RAM also houses the operating system while in
computer architecture Computer architecture covers the design of system software, such as the operating system (the program that controls the computer), as well as referring to the combination of hardware and basic software that links the machines on a computer network. Computer architecture refers to an entire structure and to the details needed to make it functional. Thus, computer architecture covers computer systems, microprocessors, circuits, and system programs. Typically the term does not refer to application programs, such as spreadsheets or word processing, which are required to perform a task but not to make the system run.