Classical Vs Operant Conditioning

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Recommended: Compare and contrast classical operant conditioning theories

2-) In classical conditioning, there is an association between stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus resulting in a learned response. An example of operant conditioning would be if a fear response was conditioned in your roommate. Initially, your roommate would eat on their bed, leave bits, never clean and never make their bed. Suppose roaches and flies got onto their bed and once that happened, your roommate became fearful of bugs and insects and started cleaning and making their bed. In operant conditioning, individuals learn through rewards and punishments for a behavior. An example of operant conditioning would be you telling your roommate that you will clean the dishes if they make their bed. Or if you were to tell your roommate that if they don't make their bed, you won’t wash the dishes as per your household routines. The first is an example of …show more content…

Phenotypes are the observable traits of an organism. Most of a person's characteristics are the result of genotypes and environmental influence. This is mostly referred to as “nature” versus “nurture.” Nature is the unique genome one carries and nurture is the environment in which one lives in. 7-) Studies featuring twins are especially informative for examining how nature (genes) and nurture (environment) influences a variety of traits and behaviors. Monozygotic twins are derived from one zygote and Dizygotic twins are derived from two zygotes. Monozygotic twins are more likely to be raised similar as they are of the same gender and have similar physical traits, meanwhile Dizygotic twins are less likely to be raised similar as they could be of opposite genders and have different physical traits. Since monozygotic twins inherit similar genes, they are most likely to have the same response to alcohol. Environments also determine how much a person could drink. Those who aren't used to drinking, can't drink much and those who are used to drinking, can drink a

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    “Operant conditioning is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior. Through operant conditioning, an association is made between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior” (Cherry). Positive reinforcement which is praising a person for doing something good verses negative reinforcement which is an unpleasant remark a punishment. B.F. Skinner did an experiment on a rat, the rat was taught to push two buttons, one to receive food and the other was a light electric shock. The rat tried both buttons and realized which button was good and which one was bad. This experiment goes to show that upon the rewards and punishment system one can learn their rights from their wrongs through a series of lessons. Kincaid and Hemingway both use operant conditioning to show human behavior under stimulus control.

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  • Examples Of Operant Conditioning

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    Operant conditioning is a kind of conditioning, which examines how often a behavior will or occur depending on the effects of the behavior (King, 2016, pg. ). The words positive and negative are used to apply more significance to the words reinforcement or punishment. Positive is adding to the stimulus, while negative is removing from the stimulus (King, 2016). For instance, with positive reinforcement, there is the addition of a factor to increase the number of times that the behavior occurs (King, 2016). An example of positive reinforcement is when a child is given an allowance for completing their household chores. The positive reinforcement is the allowance which helps to increase the behavior of doing chores at home. In contrast with negative

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  • Comparison of Classical and Operant and Conditioning

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    Learning can happen in numerous ways, but all fall under the category of being either classical conditioning or operant conditioning when we are dealing with Psychology terms. These two habituation methods are very comparable in nature, but do possess very specific distinctions in their differences. The major difference between classical and operant conditioning is the type of behaviors being conditioned. Classical is focused more on reflex and automatic actions whereas operant deals more with voluntary actions. Classical and operant conditioning are also different in the way they are taught. Classical conditioning involves introducing the subject to a neutral signal before reaction. Classical conditioning has four basic principles associated with it: Unconditioned Stimulus, Unconditioned Response, Conditioned Stimulus, and Conditioned Response. In operant conditioning, the reaction of the subject is responded with either a reinforcement, where the behavior is increased or a punishment, where the behavior is decreased.

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  • The Pros And Cons Of Classical Conditioning

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    There are non-associative, associative and observational learning. Classical conditioning is an associative type of learning. It is the learning of the relationship between two pieces of information.To have a deeper understanding about classical conditioning, Pavlov’s experiments will be further discussed. According to Dickinson (1981), Pavlov first exposed food to a dog which causes salivation, due to salivary reflex. Afterwards, he exposed a neutral stimulus, in this case a metronome, to the dog which naturally would not make the dog salivate. During trials, the clicking metronome is presented to the dog just before the meal is given. After time passed by, the sound of the clicking metronome caused the dog to salivate because the dog expected to get food. This process of association is called acquisition. In this experiment, the dog was conditioned to associate the clicking sound of metronome with food. The food is the unconditioned stimulus (US), the clicking of metronome is the conditioned stimulus (CS), salivation caused by food is called unconditioned response (UR) and salivation caused by the clicking of metronome is called the conditioned response (CR) (Gazzaniga et al., 2016

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    Classical conditioning is a technique of learning that occurs when an unconditional stimulus is paired with a conditional stimulus. The unconditional stimulus is biologically potent, the conditional stimulus is neutral (Kalat, 2011). Example of each is taste of food and sound of tuning fork respectively. After repeated pairing, the organism exhibits a conditional response to the conditional stimulus. The conditional response is similar to the unconditioned response though it is relatively impermanent and is acquired through experience (Kalat, 2011).

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    Operant conditioning is a way of learning in which behaviors are modified with consequences. B.F. Skinner, a psychologist known as the father of operant conditioning theorized that when observable behaviors are shadowed with a reinforcement the behavior is more likely to occur as where if the behavior is shadowed with a punishment the behavior will less likely occur. ("Basic Principles of Operant Conditioning: Skinner - Boundless Open Textbook", 2016) “Behavior which is reinforced tends to be repeated (i.e. strengthened); behavior which is not reinforced tends to die out-or be extinguished (i.e. weakened).” (Mcleod, 2015).

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    Operant conditioning is learning by association between a behavior and its consequence. BF skinner is known for being the father of operant conditioning, he introduced the idea of reinforcement. This meant behaviors that are reinforced are more likely to be repeated and behaviors that weren’t reinforced will be extinguished. For example, I have experienced operant conditioning through positive reinforcement. When I was in elementary school my teacher had a treasure box and every time a student received a perfect score on an assignment, they earned a prize from the treasure box of their choice. This explains positive reinforcement because it strengthened the behavior (getting favorable grades), by providing a rewarding consequence (an item out of the treasure box). There is also negative reinforcement, which strengthens a behavior by removing a stimulus that is unpleasant following the behavior. Another example of operant conditioning I have experienced is negative punishment. In elementary school the teacher took away my recess because I talked during testing. This shows negative punishment, because it weakens the behavior of talking during testing by taking away my recess. There is also positive punishment, which is adding a negative consequence after an unpleasant

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    Operant conditioning is a type of learning in that an act is strengthened when followed by an incentive whereas a behavior will be enfeeble when followed by a punishment. Operant conditioning is based on a simple theory that behavior is directly correlated by the consequences that follow it. Operant conditioning is broken into two parts of schedules of reinforcement: continuous and partial. Continuous schedules of reinforcement mean that every time a behavior is presented there is some kind of reinforcement that follows it. On the other hand partial schedules of reinforcement occasionally provides some form of reinforcement to a certain behavior. Partial schedules of reinforcement is divided into four parts. Fixed ratio schedule is part of

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