Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia(CLL)is a common adult leukaemia that results from proliferation of neoplastic B- lymphocyte clones. The disease is most frequent in patients over the age of 60 and has a variable clinical course. A variety of genetic aberrations can drive the leukaemia and also initiate the transformation into high grade malignancy. Diagnosis of CLL is usually straight forward. Most cases are usually suspected by the presence of peripheral blood lymphocytosis of small mature lymphocytes with scant cytoplasm. Smear cells are typically feature of the leukaemic cells due to increased cellular fragility. International Workshop on Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia criteria for diagnosis require >5x10^9/L of clonal B lymphocytes. The clonality of the circulating b cells must be confirmed with Immunophenotyping by flow cytometry(1). When a clonal population of B …show more content…
This mutation is associated with particularly poor outcome and resistance to front-line treatment with fludarabine, cyclophosphamide and rituximab(FCR)(26). In clinical trials, treatment of del(17p) CLL with FCR only achieve complete remission in 5% of patients and overall survival is only 38% at 3years (27). The key gene effected by the 17p deletion is tumour protein p53(TP53), which has an integral role in the induction of apoptosis or cell cycle arrest following DNA damage(28). 80-90% of CLL patients with the 17p deletion have also been shown to have TP53 mutation on the remaining copy, thus disabling the apoptotic pathway in the malignant cells. Interphase FISH is suitable for identifying del(17p) however it does not detect mutations in TP53, which can have the same poor prognosis and treatment refractoriness(29). Between 13.5-26% of CLL cases have dysfunctional/non-functional TP53 gene which is considerable more than the 7% which have
Lymphoid tissue is made up of cells called lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell that fights infection. There are 2 major types of lymphocytes: B lymphocytes (B cells) and T lymphocytes (T cells). Normal T cells and B cells have different jobs. But because all the importance of these cells they can travel around the body spreading the cancerous cells. There are four stages for Hodgkin’s lymphoma when testing is completed the doctors can determine what stage the cancer is at and what treatment will be best suited to fighting the disease.
It was the Christmas holiday season of 2013 and Uncle Sonny was healthy, happy, and full of vigor. Uncle Sonny was 58-year-old weighing 180 pounds and standing at a height of 5.10 inches. However, the family watched in utter desperation as Uncle Sonny’s body mass and height degenerate gradually to 92 pounds and 5.8 inches respectively. The most devastating scenario for the family was watching Uncle Sonny waste away on the hospital bed while looking hopeless and dull. The man who was full of energy and life was now a tired decrepit, with an expressionless demeanor. The doctor’s diagnosis was Hodgkin 's Lymphoma (HL), a form of cancer whose treatment affects the body’s ability to fight other infections. Despite the deleterious health effects of Hodgkin 's Lymphoma, early-stage and advanced Hodgkin 's Lymphoma is curable.
On Sunday, a nurse on a medical/surgical floor in a large private hospital is assigned as the primary nurse to a woman who was just admitted. The woman’s testing begins on Monday and the primary nurse does not have work for the next few days. The nurse returns on Saturday and goes over the woman’s charts. The nurse discovers that the woman has chronic lymphocytic leukemia and is being treated for the disease. After approaching the woman the nurse realizes that the woman is unaware of her diagnoses as she asks the nurse when she will be able to return to work. The nurse explains that she has not yet spoken with the physician and will get back to her once she has done so. On your way back to the nurses' station, one of the woman's two daughters approaches the nurse and urges the nurse to assure her mother that there is no reason for concern. The daughter explains that her mother has just been through a painful divorce and
Specifically “TP53, p16INK4A, and SMAD4. The p53 nuclear protein activates transcription of a cyclin kinase inhibitor p21WAF1/CIP1. Following genomic stress, inappropriate growth factor stimulation or expression of oncogenic ras increased expression of p53, and thus p21WAF1/CIP1 resulted in inactivation of specific CDK/cyclin complexes” (MedScape). If this transformed cell can escape internal and external fail-safe mechanisms, receive nutrients, and activate its proliferative program, it can form a mass of cancerous cells. Tumor growth can cause the loss of pancreatic functions. Another characteristic of pancreatic cancer is metastasis happens early in tumor growth, which is most likely responsible for pancreatic cancer’s aggressive
The World Health Organization (WHO) classifies Hodgkin’s lymphoma into two different groups: nodular lymphocyte predominant (NLPHL) and classical HL (cHL). NLPHL develops slowly, is found predominantly in males, and accounts for about 5% of all HL cases. It is characterized by L&H cells and a different antigenic profile (Roddle, Peggs, 2009, p. 208). In contrast, cHL, the most common subtype, comprises nearly 80% of diagnosed cases. Classical HL is divided into four subtypes. “The diagnosis is dependent on the pathological finding of H...
Leukemia and Lymphoma Society (LLS) is the worlds largest non-profit organization which funds blood cancer research and providing patient services and education. The LLS mission is to cure leukemia, lymphoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma and myeloma and to improve quality of patients and there families. This is done by discovering new cures and making blood cancers a story of the past.The organizations national office is located in White Plains, NY. Leukemia and Lymphoma Society has local chapters through out the United States and Canada.
Thought to be an oncogene, a gene that has potential in transforming normal cells into tumor cells, p53 was regarded as the most prominent tumor suppressor gene [1]. P53 is a gene which signals apoptosis (programmed cell death) if a cell cannot be repaired due to an extensive amount of damage. As stated in the textbook, p53 regulation occurs by an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase known as MDM2 [1]. "Controlling the controller" is a statement that describes the molecular interaction where the presence of MDM2 targets the p53 for proteosome via degradation. With three main checkpoints in cell cycle, the literature states p53 functioning from G1 into S phase in a chaotic cell [2]. The normal state of cells is to keep p53 levels low in order to prevent uncontrolled apoptosis and random cell cycle arrest from occurring. In a further note, although p53 promotes apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, cancer may result from p53 unable to recognize the problematic site. In turn, a mutation in p53 may result engaging in new activities. These activities include cellular transformation, tumor metastasis,...
The beginning of apoptosis,, is the most significant anti-cancer function of p53. If DNA damage is not repairable, p53 can activate pro-apoptosis genes such as p21, DNA-damage-inducible protein 45, Bcl-2 family, and growth arrest, etc. Furthermore, p53 can interact with hundreds of proteins to maintain the cells processes and apoptosis. P53 can also keep the cell cycle in check by repressing the expression of genes like bcl-2, bcl-X, cyclin B1, MAP4 and survivin (Bai and Zhu, 2006). The physiological responsibilities of p53 are keeping the genetic stability and regulating the normal cell cycle through a regulatory network system. A mutation of Tp53 gene would cause a loss of function in the p53 protein, ultimately resulting in a cellular canceration. The function of p53 is preventing cancerization of cells by repairing genes or activating apoptosis. To achieve these functions, p53 interacts
Chronic Myeloid leukemia (CML) is a blood and bone marrow disease that slowly progresses. The disease usually occurs in middle aged or older individuals and rarely occurs in children. In CML, an unusually high number of blood stem cells become granulocytes. These granulocytes, also called leukemia cells are irregular in shape and do not develop into healthy white blood cells. Eventually, they concentrate in the blood leaving no room for healthy cells which may lead to infection, anemia, or bleeding. The typical signs of CML include fatigue, fever, night sweats, and weight loss (6).
The American Cancer Society publishes current advances made in cancer research on their website. Many of the exciting discoveries about how best to treat the disease focus on the genetic aspects associated with certain types of cancer. In addition, treatments aimed at genetic solutions to cancer may be more effective and may cause fewer adverse side effects than traditional cancer treatments (American Can...
If the levels of p53 are decreased, then the DNA is not being fixed or disposed of. In damaged radiation or chemotherapy cancer cells the gene p53 assists in their cell death (Porth, Carol, Kathryn J. Gaspard, 138). Therefore, if there is a deficiency in this p53 protein then DNA is not being fixed or disposed of and certain cancer treatments are not going to be as effective. With the lack of p53 protein there are many dangers. There is going to be an accumulation of bad DNA in many cells. With the lack of cell death not only is the DNA bad but there will form a mass from these cells not being disposed of in the way they were meant
Acute Myeloid Leukemia is one of the three types of leukemia that can form in the blood and bone marrow. Mostly called AML, it is the most common type of acute leukemia that is found in adults over 65 years but can increase with age. Acute Myeloid Leukemia starts in the bone marrow but can travel inside the blood. It is defined as the cancer of myeloid, which can be related to the bone marrow, line of blood cells which is caused by rapid growth of abnormal white blood cells that pile up in the bone marrow. It disrupts the production of normal blood cells. The three different types of blood cells that AML would be in are red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets which are a small colorless cell fragment. This type of cancer can get worse quickly if it is not treated or discovered. One interesting fact about AML is that they are classified as different names like acute granulocytic leukemia, acute myelioblastic leukemia, acute myelogenous leukemia, and acute nonmphocytic leukemia.
What it is is simple. Leukemia is a form of cancer that damages your body’s strength to make blood cells (Siegel & Newton, 10). If you have Leukemia, lots of abnormal white blood cells are made from your bone marrow (WebMD). These abnormal blood cells have a name in which they are called and that is, leukemia cells. These cells do not do the same wo...
Lymphoma refers to a blood cancer form that result from a faster than normal division of T or B lymphocytes; the condition also occurs when these cells live for a longer than the normal (Pace, Cassio & Glass, 2007). Organs in which the disease may develop include spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow, alongside others. Ideally, this disease is a presentation of a lymphoid cells’ solid tumor. The disease’s treatment could entail chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and transplantation of bone marrow. Scientists state that the disease can be cured and that the cure depends on factors like its stage, histology, and type. Malignant cells have lymph nodes as their origin and resemble the node’s enlargement. There are also some extranodal sites of origin which include skin, bone, bowels, tonsils, and brain. There is close relationship between lymphomas and lymphoid leukemias whose sites of origin are also lymphocytes; however, the leukemias do not involve static tumors but bone marrows and circulating blood (Pace, Cassio & Glass, 2007).
Hodgkin's and Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma: Differences? and similarity on MedicineNet.com. Retrieved December 9, 2013, from http://www.cdl.gov http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=79261 Turley, Susan M. (2014). The 'Path of Medical language (third ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. Education & Training, Inc. Zimmerman, K. A. & Co.,