LYMPHOMA
Introduction
Lymphoma refers to a blood cancer form that result from a faster than normal division of T or B lymphocytes; the condition also occurs when these cells live for a longer than the normal (Pace, Cassio & Glass, 2007). Organs in which the disease may develop include spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow, alongside others. Ideally, this disease is a presentation of a lymphoid cells’ solid tumor. The disease’s treatment could entail chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and transplantation of bone marrow. Scientists state that the disease can be cured and that the cure depends on factors like its stage, histology, and type. Malignant cells have lymph nodes as their origin and resemble the node’s enlargement. There are also some extranodal sites of origin which include skin, bone, bowels, tonsils, and brain. There is close relationship between lymphomas and lymphoid leukemias whose sites of origin are also lymphocytes; however, the leukemias do not involve static tumors but bone marrows and circulating blood (Pace, Cassio & Glass, 2007).
Background
Lymphoma’s first description came in the year 1832, from Thomas Hodgkin, hence being named Hodgkin’s lymphoma. In the subsequent years, scientists made descriptions of other types of the disease thus various classifications of the same. A working formulation, of the year 1982 gained an immense deal of popularity as it came up with non-Hodgkin lymphoma category constituent of 16 diseases. Doctors are, however, abandoning the NHL label considering it to have limited usefulness because its 16 diseases have negligible similarity (Ansell, 2006). In the year 2008, the WHO came up with a later classification criteria constituent of 70 lymphoma types.
Biology of the Disease
Hodgkin lym...
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...observed in individuals of more than 60 years old. Lymphoma prevalence also varies with race; for example in the US, disease occurrence is higher among whites than Asian and African Americans (Gobbi et al, 2013).
Conclusion
Lymphoma is a form of cancer that affects the lymph systems with most cases of the disease occurring in developed countries. The disease is characteristic of various observable symptoms like enlargement of lymph nodes, weight loss, night sweats, and fever. Diagnosis of the disease makes use of tests like physical exams, X-rays, biopsy, and blood tests. Treatment makes use of targeted therapy, chemotherapy, biological therapy, radiation, and watchful development. Apart from the infection’s pathology, individuals may also experience other complications in life including suppression of the immune system, infertility, and transplant of stem cells.
Lupus is more common in women than men, and although it can affect people of all ages, it is most commonly developed between 15 and 40. Lupus is also more common in African Americans, Hispanics and Asians.
Lymphoid tissue is made up of cells called lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell that fights infection. There are 2 major types of lymphocytes: B lymphocytes (B cells) and T lymphocytes (T cells). Normal T cells and B cells have different jobs. But because all the importance of these cells they can travel around the body spreading the cancerous cells. There are four stages for Hodgkin’s lymphoma when testing is completed the doctors can determine what stage the cancer is at and what treatment will be best suited to fighting the disease.
I have chosen to write about the constellation Cancer (The Crab). I chose Cancer because it is one of only a handful of constellations that I am actually able to identify in the night sky. Cancer is one of the twelve Zodiac constellations; people whose birthdays fall between June 21st and July 22nd have Cancer as their sign. Cancer is the Latin word for crab, and despite the fact that the constellation looks more like a lobster then a crab, it is still referred to as a crab. The constellation is visible from the northern hemisphere from late winter to early spring.
The World Health Organization (WHO) classifies Hodgkin’s lymphoma into two different groups: nodular lymphocyte predominant (NLPHL) and classical HL (cHL). NLPHL develops slowly, is found predominantly in males, and accounts for about 5% of all HL cases. It is characterized by L&H cells and a different antigenic profile (Roddle, Peggs, 2009, p. 208). In contrast, cHL, the most common subtype, comprises nearly 80% of diagnosed cases. Classical HL is divided into four subtypes. “The diagnosis is dependent on the pathological finding of H...
The emphasis on health and fitness has become paramount in our society today in an effort to prevent and combat diseases such as Cancers. Cancers are a group of over 100 diseases that affects every aspect of the human system from skin, to bones, to muscles, to blood. One of the most common blood disorders is Leukemia. As defined by the U.S. National Library of Medicine, Leukemia is a type of blood cancer that begins in the bone marrow. The bone marrow is the soft tissue in the center of the bone that is responsible for the production of blood cells. The term leukemia means white blood. The term leukocytes refer to white blood cells, which are body’s defense against infections and other foreign substances. When Leukemia occurs there is an uncontrolled increase in the number of white blood cells. When this occurs, these cancerous cells inhibit the production of healthy red blood cells, platelets, and mature white blood cells. Over time the cancerous cells can spread to the bloodstream and lymph nodes. They can also travel to the Central Nervous System and the rest of the body.
Leukemia is a cancer of the white blood cells. It begins in the bone marrow, the soft tissue inside the bones. Within the bone marrow is where white blood cells are created, that help fight off bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms within the body that cause infections. The disease develops to when the white blood cells are being produced out of control. The cells that are being produced do not work properly as they should, they grow faster than a normal cell would and don’t know when to stop growing. Overtime, if not treated properly, the white blood cells will over crowd blood cells, creating a serious problem such as anemia, bleeding and infection. Leukemia cells can spread to the lymph nodes and other organs in the body causing swelling and pain.
Elphee, E. E. (2008). Understanding the Concept of Uncertainty in Patients With Indolent Lymphoma. Oncology Nursing Forum, 35(3), 449-454.
The Emperor of All Maladies by Siddhartha Mukherjee is an in-depth analysis of the history of cancer. The book discusses the beginning stages of cancer when it was merely a confusing phenomenon for doctors that occurred for over a century. For example, "Childhood leukemia had fascinated, confused, and frustrated doctors for more than a century. The disease had been analyzed, classified, sub-classified, and divided meticulously” (Mukherjee 12). Mukherjee is a passionate physician and displays this in his work as a cancer researcher. Mukherjee book consists of his professional experiences working at the Dana-Farber
There are two types of lymphoma, Hodgkin disease and Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and even though they are different they both begin the same way. Like other cancers, lymphoma results when cells divide too quickly or do not die because of a discrepancy in their genes. The cells that are affected in this type of cancer are white blood cells called lymphocytes. Lymphocytes make up around 20 to 40 percent of all white blood cells, and are divided into two categories, B or T. Both types help support the immune system by destroying infectious or foreign substances, but B lymphocytes make antibodies to fight these substances while T lymphocytes directly attack the unwanted substances. These cells work in the lymph system which is a part of the immune system. The main jobs of the lymph system are to protect the body from unwanted substances and to transport waste. The system includes many vital organs such as lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, thymus, and the digestive tract. When lymphocytes become cancerous they collect in the lymph nodes therefore blocking the passage of waste and other white blood cells while also using the nodes as a system to travel and spread to other parts of body. These cancerous cells do not die and become a burden for the body because they can no longer fulfill their ...
To classify ALL, physicians used to use what is called the French-American-British (FAB) classification to divided the disease into three categories called L1, L2, or L3, based on how the leukemia cells looked under a microscope(American Cancer Society, 2013)54. This method is now a thing...
...l risk factors that are fully linked developing multiple myeloma. Therefore, preventative measures remain unknown.
Since 1979 the diagnoses of cancer have gone up nearly 20% in a generation as there is more people smoking, drinking, obesity and unfitness (theguardian website, 2011, para. 1). There has been in increase of women with the diagnosis, the diagnoses have risen up by 50% (459 per 100,00), men have risen from 20,000 to 24,000 (the guardian website, 2011, para. 2). Socioeconomic class does have an effect in some cases as cervical and lung cancers are more common in poor people while rates of breast cancer and melanoma are higher in the wealthy (ScienceDaily website, 2008, para. 1). Demographics could also have some effect as those of the wealthier group have more exposure to UV by traveling abroad for the holidays (ScienceDaily website, 2008, para. 5). In regards to smoking, deprived groups continue to smoke while the wealthier groups have quit smoking (ScienceDaily website, 2008, para. 7). Researchers have linked cancer to not only demographics, socioeconomic class but also race and
The lymphatic system is a link of tissues and organs that help clear the poisonous toxins, waste and further unwanted elements that are inside the human body. The key function of the lymphatic system is to transport lymph which is a watery fluid substance holding infection that are fighting white blood cells, all over the human body.
The Phase I trial will be discussed here as it pertains to the topic at hand. The typical treatment for cervical cancer if surgery is not a viable option – like if the cancer has spread, then called locally advanced cervical cancer – is chemotherapy and radiation treatment at the same time. This phase I clinical trial is simply looking to add ipilimumab to this regimen, but once the chemo/radiation has been completed (LACC article). Chemo and radiation destroy tumor cells, which causes tumor-associated antigens to be released. Once released, these antigens are exogenous (outside the cell) and will be presented to helper T cells to initiate an immune response.
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