China’s Nuclear Program
Introduction
China's nuclear weapons program has always been unique among the programs of the five official nuclear weapons states recognized by the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. For a variety of economic, political, and cultural reasons, the Chinese program has had a very different trajectory of development, with different objectives, than those of the other major powers' nuclear weapons and missile programs.
China's nuclear and ballistic missile programs are and have historically been based on the objective of maintaining a level of nuclear deterrence just great enough to preclude any threats by the nuclear "super" powers. By concentrating on building and maintaining a minimum level of effective deterrence, China can ensure its security while concentrating the maximum amount of its available resources on much more pressing issues, such as economic development. As a developing country, China did not and does not have the resources to compete as a "third superpower" in the Cold War world. The Chinese, who for many of the years before 1978 could hardly afford to feed their own people, simply could not afford to spend huge sums of money in a costly arms race which they were almost certain to lose. Limited deterrence offered the most efficient solution - just enough capability to reap the security benefits of deterrence while avoiding the costs of producing, maintaining and storing huge stockpiles of nuclear weapons.
Why nuclear?
The Chinese have always been afraid of invasion of their territory - one of the first projects of the Emperor Qin Shi Huang Di, the first ruler of a united China, was the construction of a vast Great Wall to keep out nomadic barbarian raiders from Inner Asia...in 200 BC. As a rich agrarian empire, and the most populous nation in the world, China has presented a rich target for outsiders for thousands of years, from the Xiongnu of Christ's time to Genghis Khan, to Western imperialists and Japanese warlords. The Chinese Communist leadership which came to power in 1949 after a lengthy and bloody civil war grew up during a very tumultuous period in Chinese history. They witnessed the decline of Chinese power within Asia and over its own territory, the fall of the imperial government which had governed China on and off for more than 2000 years, and the encroaching western imperialist powers who began to declare "spheres of influence" through the "unequal treaties" system.
The thickening of the muscle cells do not necessarily have to change the size of the ventricles, but can narrow the blood vessels inside the heart. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy can be grouped into two categories: obstructive HCM and non-obstructive HCM. With obstructive HCM, the septum (the wall that divides the left and right sides of the heart) becomes thickened and blocks the blood flow out of the left ventricle. Overall, HCM usually starts in the left ventricle. HCM can also cause blood to leak backward through the mitral valve causing even more problems. The walls of the ventricles can also become stiff since it cannot hold a normal amount of blood. This stiffening causes the ventricle to not relax and entirely fill with
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a genetic disease of the heart, making the cardiac muscle is thick and strong. The thick muscle causes a decrease in cavity size, forcing the heart to pump less blood. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is one of the primary causes of sudden death as the prevention of blood flow causes cardiac arrest. More successful research is being conducted on HCM, including research on the genetics associated and the heredity of the genes. Unfortunately this disorder effects many young athletes due to their increased stresses of training on their heart. However, despite the use of new technology such as the electrocardiogram and transthoracic echocardiogram, the strategies are limited, restricting new answers.
Capture Myopathy? Not very often a diagnosis is termed liked this, especially in the field of human medicine, especially n the field of cardiology the where the term myopathy is revered as Cardiomyopathy. Myopathy is a disease that affects the muscles and causes weakness due to dysfunction of muscle fibers (1); Cardiomyopathy is of the same circumstance but deals primarily with the heart. Capture Myopathy is relative to many animals, especially mammals and provides a definitive correlation to humans and their potential medical prognosis of Cardiomyopathy. Capture Myopathy is a syndrome that that occurs within captive animals and causes rapid death through excessive adrenaline within the bloodstreams. (3) Capture Myopathy is quite often referred to as white muscle disease, the muscle when used causes a change of metabolism from using oxygen to using the stored energy within the muscle. The change up allows for lactic acid to build up and make its way into the bloodstream where it changes the homeostasis of the body: the body pH and the heart output. In essence, if the heart is inefficiently pumping the correct oxygen to the muscle, the muscle will begin to deteriorate and ultimately lead to damages to the kidney and the effector organs. (2) Animal Capture Myopathy is very relatable to human Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy, and thus this paper will aim to trace how animals are very relatable to humans even through the Cardiovascular System based on normal physiology and stress. (WHAT SHOULD I TALK ABOUT?)
These causes will change the heart significantly. The pathophysiology of heart failure is described differently as: (1) an oedematous disorder, by means of which the deviations in renal hemodynamics and excretory ability lead to salt and water holding; (2) a hemodynamic disorder, considered by peripheral vasoconstriction and decreased cardiac output; (3) a neurohormonal disorder, mainly by stimulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and adrenergic nervous system; (4) an inflammatory syndrome, related with amplified local and circulation pro-inflammatory cytokines; (5) a myocardial disease, started with an damage to the heart trailed by pathological ventricular transformation. In heart failure, the heart sustains either a sudden or longstanding structural injury. When damage occurs, sequences of firstly compensatory but consequently maladaptive mechanisms follow (Henry & Abraham, ).
For the purpose of this assessment I have chosen to focus upon cardiomyopathy which have commonly been subdivided into a specific diagnosis of either hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM) and arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (ARVD). HCM and DCM are commonly ‘diagnosed’ separately and as an individual diagnosis but there is suggestion that a single gene defect can result in the syndrome of heart failure.
After the Korean War, it was believed that the United States’ nuclear build-up had played a key role in achieving armistice. At this time, early in President Eisenhower's term in office, he had announced his policy of nuclear superiority. During this time period of nuclear build up, the Soviet Union began to find ways to overcome deficiencies in their strategic technologies2. Not soon after Eisenhower made his policy known, Russia became the first country to successfully test ICBMs, or Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles. These tactical nuclear weapons are land based rocket propelled vehicles capable of intercontinental range in excess of 4000 nautical miles....
[11] Nishimura, Rick A., Ommen, Steve R., Tajik, A.J., (2003) Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: A Patient Perspective. Dallas, TX: American Heart Association,
Lena, J. C. (2006). Social Context and Musical Content of Rap Music, 1979-1995. Social Forces 85.1 , 479-495.
方玥雯[Fang Yue Wen] (2009). 北韓核武研發與東北亞安全：2002-2007. [The North Korea’s Nuclear Weapons and the Security in Northeast Asia: 2002-2007] in台灣[Taiwan]: 國立政治大學[National Cheungchi University] Retrieved 18 July, 2013 from http://nccuir.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/37029
Rhodes, Henry A. “The Evolution of Rap Music in the United States.” Yale. Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute. 2014. Web. 10 Mar. 2014.
(Slide 2) What is Cardiomyopathy? If we break down the word we can see “Cardio” which means of the heart, “myo” which means muscle, and “pathy” which means disease, therefore cardiomyopathies are diseases of the heart muscle. (Slide 3) There are 3 main types of cardiomyopathies; hypertrophic, dilated, and restrictive. I will only be discussing dilated cardiomyopathy, which is characterized by the enlargement of the hearts chambers with impaired systolic function. It is estimated that as many as 1 of 500 adults may have this condition. Dilated cardiomyopathy is more common in blacks than in whites and in males than in females. It is the most common form of cardiomyopathy in children and it can occur at any age (CDC).
Servant Leadership, found in Chapter Ten of the text Leadership: Theory and Practice, is a paradoxical approach to leadership. It begins with the innate desire to serve first, and then lead through servant hood. Servant Leadership, originating in the early 1970s, is similar to the skills and styles approach, focusing on leadership from the leader’s viewpoint and his behavior under the leadership. Under this style of leadership, the leaders are considerate of the followers needs, empathizing with and having compassion for the followers. A servant leader feels a social responsibility to the less privileged and is concerned with inequality among the followers. Through servant leadership, a servant leader will attempt to correct these social injustices and by enabling and empowering the followers while helping the followers in developing valuable personal skills. Servant leaders are ethical, projecting strong moral behavior towards the followers, taking leadership paths that serve the greater good of an organization, the community and even society as a whole.
China today – powerful and ever-growing – wasn’t always like this. One major event in history around the mid 1800s that we all seem to have forgotten was the Opium Wars. What really caused the opium war was when China wanted to halt all trade in opium with the British. The geography of China is something like a fence. This isolation made the people of China feel like their country was prestigious and secluded from the rest of the world.
Interests: China’s leaders desire to improve their nation’s economy while preserving political stability. They want to censor political discussions to prevent “westernization” of China,
Searle, John R. “Minds, Brains, and Programs.” The Philosophy of Artificial Intelligence. Margaret A. Boden, ed. New York: Oxford UP, 1990. 67-88.