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Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy gross
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Cardiomyopathy, by definition, means the weakening of the heart muscle. The heart is operated by a striated muscle that relies on the autonomic nervous system to function. Cardiomyopathy is diagnosed in four different ways based on what caused the illness and exactly what part of the heart is weakened. The four main types of cardiomyopathy are dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, restrictive cardiomyopathy, and arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia. One other category of cardiomyopathy that is diagnosed is “unclassified cardiomyopathy.” Unclassified cardiomyopathy is the weakening of the heart that does not fit into the main four categories.
Dilated cardiomyopathy is the most common diagnosis among the other three cardiomyopathies.
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The thickening of the muscle cells do not necessarily have to change the size of the ventricles, but can narrow the blood vessels inside the heart. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy can be grouped into two categories: obstructive HCM and non-obstructive HCM. With obstructive HCM, the septum (the wall that divides the left and right sides of the heart) becomes thickened and blocks the blood flow out of the left ventricle. Overall, HCM usually starts in the left ventricle. HCM can also cause blood to leak backward through the mitral valve causing even more problems. The walls of the ventricles can also become stiff since it cannot hold a normal amount of blood. This stiffening causes the ventricle to not relax and entirely fill with …show more content…
There are four different categories of treatment: lifestyle changes, surgical procedures, non-surgical procedures, and medications. Lifestyle changes include having a healthy diet; increasing physical activity; eliminating cigarettes, alcoholic beverages, and illicit drugs; and getting enough rest and sleep; losing excess weight. These lifestyle changes are to lower the patient’s blood pressure, cholesterol, and reducing any other future medical conditions. There are also surgical options to help cure, prevent, or control cardiomyopathy. Surgical method include a septal myectomy, surgically implanted devices, and a heart transplant. A septal myectomy is used to specifically treat hypertrophy cardiomyopathy which is where the heart muscle cells enlarge and cause the walls of the ventricles to thicken. The thickening of the walls may not affect the size of the ventricles but instead may affect the blood flow out of the ventricle. Usually along with the ventricles swelling, the septum in between the ventricles can become enlarged and block the blood flow causing a heart attack. When medication is not working well to treat hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, a surgeon will open the chest cavity and remove part of the septum that is blocking blood flow. Surgically implanted devices include a pacemaker, a cardiac resynchronization therapy device, a left ventricular assist device, and an implantable
4. Right Ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) – In a normal heart, the left ventricle has a rather thicker wall than the right due to the fact that it has to pump oxygenated blood to the body as opposed to the right ventricle which only needs to pump deoxygenated blood to the lungs. However, Tetralogy of Fallot causes an enlargement of the right ventricular muscle due to the pulmonary stenosis in the pulmonary
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy, also known as HCM, is a type of heart disease that affects the Cardiac Muscles and Cardiac Muscle cells. This disease occurs if the Cardiac Muscle cells enlarge, which causes the wall of the heart’s ventricles (most often the left ventricle) to thicken. It can also cause stiffness in the ventricles, as well as mitral valve and cellular changes.
Of the two representations of the “Tell-Tale Heart”, the live action version is best. The live action was more accurate to the original story than the animated version was. The animated version was mostly for entertainment and got some facts wrong. In the live action, he killed the man in the same way and it had all the narrative of the story. The narrator wasn't Poe, like he was in the animated version. He disposed of the body the same and acted the way the character did in the original book. In the live action, the old man’s eye was completely covered by the film. He also panicked the same way as the book.
In case of chronic stage, treatment of cardiomyopathy is mainly symptomatic and similar to the treatment of the other causes of heart disease. There may be a need for a pacemaker and a heart transplant can be considered.
Efthimiadis GK, Pagourelias ED, Pitsis A, et al. Surgical septal myectomy for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in Greece: a single-center initial experience. Hellenic J Cardiol. Mar-Apr 2014;55(2):132-8.
Capture Myopathy? Not very often a diagnosis is termed liked this, especially in the field of human medicine, especially n the field of cardiology the where the term myopathy is revered as Cardiomyopathy. Myopathy is a disease that affects the muscles and causes weakness due to dysfunction of muscle fibers (1); Cardiomyopathy is of the same circumstance but deals primarily with the heart. Capture Myopathy is relative to many animals, especially mammals and provides a definitive correlation to humans and their potential medical prognosis of Cardiomyopathy. Capture Myopathy is a syndrome that that occurs within captive animals and causes rapid death through excessive adrenaline within the bloodstreams. (3) Capture Myopathy is quite often referred to as white muscle disease, the muscle when used causes a change of metabolism from using oxygen to using the stored energy within the muscle. The change up allows for lactic acid to build up and make its way into the bloodstream where it changes the homeostasis of the body: the body pH and the heart output. In essence, if the heart is inefficiently pumping the correct oxygen to the muscle, the muscle will begin to deteriorate and ultimately lead to damages to the kidney and the effector organs. (2) Animal Capture Myopathy is very relatable to human Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy, and thus this paper will aim to trace how animals are very relatable to humans even through the Cardiovascular System based on normal physiology and stress. (WHAT SHOULD I TALK ABOUT?)
Systolic and Diastolic are the two types of heart failure. Systolic dysfunction occurs when the heart muscle doesn't contract with enough force, which means there is less oxygen-rich blood that is pumped throughout the body. Diastolic dysfunction is when the heart contracts normally, but the ventricle does not relax properly, reducing the amount of blood that can enter the heart and raising the blood pressure in the lungs. Heart failure is a progressive condition and can worsen over time. There are four stages of heart failure that have been classified by the AHA and ACC.
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is an inherited disease that affects the cardiac muscle of the heart, causing the walls of the heart to thicken and become stiff. [1] On a cellular level, the sarcomere increase in size. As a result, the cardiac muscles become abnormally thick, making it difficult for the cells to contract and the heart to pump. A genetic mutation causes the myocytes to form chaotic intersecting bundles. A pathognomonic abnormality called myocardial fiber disarray. [2,12] How the hypertrophy is distributed throughout the heart is varied. Though, in most cases, the left ventricle is always affected. [3] The heart muscle can thicken in four different patterns. The most common being asymmetrical septal hypertrophy without obstruction. Here the intraventricular septum becomes thick, but the mitral valve is not affected. Asymmetrical septal hypertrophy with obstruction causes the mitral valve to touch the septal wall during contraction. (Left ventricle outflow tract obstruction.) The obstruction of the mitral valve allows for blood to slowly flow from the left ventricle back into the left atrium (Mitral regurgitation). Symmetrical hypertrophy is the thickening of the entire left ven...
Symptoms to heart disease can include chest pain, shortness of breath, pain, numbness, weakness or coldness in your legs or arms, if the blood vessels in those areas are narrow. There are many causes of heart disease. You can just be born with heart defects, or naturally cause them yourself by smoking, excessive use of alcohol, also having high blood pressure, diabetes. Abusing drugs can also cause heart disease too. Stress is a cause of heart disease. Even over the counter medications can cause a heart problem. There is a good amount of test that is used to diagnose heart disease. Blood test, chest x-rays, tilt table test which is use to help find fainting spells, stress test which evolves an evaluation of the hearts response during moderate exercise while a 12-lead ECG is performed, electrocardiograms, heart MRI, holter monitoring is where the heart is recorded while the patient is ambulatory for at least a 24-hour period, echocardiogram, cardiac catheterization, heart biopsy which is where the doctor removes a part of the heart tissue, cardiac computerized tomography (CT) scan helps to visualize the hearts anatomy, and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging are all test that is use to see if someone has a form of heart disease. There are treatments to help prevent heart disease. Depending on how bad the form ...
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a genetic disorder in which the wall of the left ventricle becomes thick, making it harder for blood to leave the heart. The heart has to work harder to pump blood. This is the leading cause of sudden death in athletes. A father or mother with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy has a fifty percent chance of passing the disorder onto their children. Women with HCM shows a higher risk of profession to advanced heart failure or death. Men and women’s different social, endocrine, or genetic factors may affect the diagnosis of HCM.
Alcohol consumption will need to be discontinued, especially if this is a cause. Moderate exercise should be encouraged within the limitations of the patient (Bennett). Medical treatment is generally aimed at relieving symptoms of heart failure and improving cardiac output. Patients are often given medications such as ACE inhibitors and Beta-blockers. Antiarrhythmic drugs, implantable defibrillators, and pacemakers are other treatments used for dilated cardiomyopathy patients. Anticoagulants are also an important treatment for dilated cardiomyopathy patients due to the increased risk of developing thrombus from poor systolic function, atrial fibrillation, and poor circulatory flow. Cardiac transplantation is another treatment option but heart donors are very limited (Lily).
The heart is a pump with four chambers made of their own special muscle called cardiac muscle. Its interwoven muscle fibers enable the heart to contract or squeeze together automatically (Colombo 7). It’s about the same size of a fist and weighs some where around two hundred fifty to three hundred fifty grams (Marieb 432). The size of the heart depends on a person’s height and size. The heart wall is enclosed in three layers: superficial epicardium, middle epicardium, and deep epicardium. It is then enclosed in a double-walled sac called the Pericardium. The terms Systole and Diastole refer respectively and literally to the contraction and relaxation periods of heart activity (Marieb 432). While the doctor is taking a patient’s blood pressure, he listens for the contractions and relaxations of the heart. He also listens for them to make sure that they are going in a single rhythm, to make sure that there are no arrhythmias or complications. The heart muscle does not depend on the nervous system. If the nervous s...
Oxygen was first admitted to the client with chest pain over 100 years ago (Metcalfe, 2011). Chest pain is a large bracket that can contain many different conditions, but for the purpose of this analysis it is focused manly upon a myocardial infarction. A myocardial infarction is mainly referred to as a heart attack, and occurs when one or more coronary arteries leading to the heart reduce or completely stop blood flow (Tuipulotu, 2013 ). Administering high concentrations of oxygen to patients with chest pain is now embedded in guidelines, protocols and care pathways, even with a lack of clear supporting evidence (Nicholson, 2004 ). High concentration of oxygen means that up to 60% is administered (Knott, 2012). More recent research has suggested that the use of oxygen in this scenario is unnecessary and can lead to unwanted side effects, especially in normoxic cardiac patients (Moradkham & Sinoway, 2010 ). The aim of this comparative analysis is to dismantle and understand both the benefits and risks of the commonly known practice of administration of oxygen to the client with chest pain. Through completing this analysis using recent and appropriate evidence a more improved practice can be given and understood.
Many babies who are born with atrial septal defects (ASDs) have no signs or symptoms. However, as they grow, these children may be small for their age.
Coronary artery disease develops in the human body, when there is the narrowing or blockage of the arteries and vessels of which supply blood to the heart (Narins, 2013). This is caused by the hardening of the arteries. Therefore, this blockage cause restriction of blood flow throughout the arteries. Once the blood flow is cut off in the arteries, this results in a person having a heart attack (Narins, 2013).