Approximately, 1 of every 500 people is affected with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, it is important for patients to understand the dynamics of the disease as it could potentially be life threatening. In most cases, the patients quality of life is not affected, but a few will experience symptoms that cause significant discomfort or undetected complications that could lead to sudden cardiac death. With that in mind, it would be beneficial to recognize what it is, specific causes, the steps of diagnoses, and the options for treatment.
What is it?
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is an inherited disease that affects the cardiac muscle of the heart, causing the walls of the heart to thicken and become stiff. [1] On a cellular level, the sarcomere increase in size. As a result, the cardiac muscles become abnormally thick, making it difficult for the cells to contract and the heart to pump. A genetic mutation causes the myocytes to form chaotic intersecting bundles. A pathognomonic abnormality called myocardial fiber disarray. [2,12] How the hypertrophy is distributed throughout the heart is varied. Though, in most cases, the left ventricle is always affected. [3] The heart muscle can thicken in four different patterns. The most common being asymmetrical septal hypertrophy without obstruction. Here the intraventricular septum becomes thick, but the mitral valve is not affected. Asymmetrical septal hypertrophy with obstruction causes the mitral valve to touch the septal wall during contraction. (Left ventricle outflow tract obstruction.) The obstruction of the mitral valve allows for blood to slowly flow from the left ventricle back into the left atrium (Mitral regurgitation). Symmetrical hypertrophy is the thickening of the entire left ven...
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[9] "Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy." American Heart Association. ©2014 American Heart Association, Inc., n.d. Web. 27 Mar. 2014.
[11] Nishimura, Rick A., Ommen, Steve R., Tajik, A.J., (2003) Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: A Patient Perspective. Dallas, TX: American Heart Association,
[12] Ho, Carolyn Y, MD; López, Begoña, PhD; Coelho-Filho, Otavio R, MD; Lakdawala, Neal K, MD; Cirino, Allison L, MS, CGC; Jarolim, Petr, MD, PhD; Kwong, Raymond, MD; González, Arantxa, PhD; Colan, Steven D, MD; Seidman, JG, PhD; Díez, Javier, MD, PhD; Seidman, Christine E, MD. (2010) Myocardial Fibrosis as an Early Manifestation of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy, Boston, MA: Massachusetts Medical Society
[13] "Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy." The Cleveland Clinic Foundation for Continuing Education. © 2000-2014 The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Jan. 2009. Web. 27 Mar. 2014.
4. Right Ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) – In a normal heart, the left ventricle has a rather thicker wall than the right due to the fact that it has to pump oxygenated blood to the body as opposed to the right ventricle which only needs to pump deoxygenated blood to the lungs. However, Tetralogy of Fallot causes an enlargement of the right ventricular muscle due to the pulmonary stenosis in the pulmonary
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy, also known as HCM, is a type of heart disease that affects the Cardiac Muscles and Cardiac Muscle cells. This disease occurs if the Cardiac Muscle cells enlarge, which causes the wall of the heart’s ventricles (most often the left ventricle) to thicken. It can also cause stiffness in the ventricles, as well as mitral valve and cellular changes.
Ebstein’s Anomaly is a rare congenital condition, present at birth, in which the tricuspid valve is malformed and the valve itself is not in the correct anatomic place (Mayo Clinic Staff). This anomaly affects the right side of the heart – the tricuspid valve is located too deep into the ventricle, causing a smaller and weaker right ventricle. The space above the decreased right ventricle is made up of atrial tissue and this can be referred to as right ventricle dysplasia or an atrialized right ventricle (Reynolds). Typically the tricuspid valve has three freely moving leaflets, but in Ebstein’s anomaly one or two of those leaflets get fused to the heart walls causing regurgitation. Since the heart does not work as efficiently in those who have this anomaly, the heart usually compensates and becomes enlarged. It...
is a common heart valve abnormality and is the cause of mitral regurgitation. The flaps of the valve are “floppy” and don’t close tightly allowing the blood to flow backward in your heart. The affect is that blood can’t move through the heart or to the rest of your body as efficiently, making you feel tired and out of breath.
First and foremost, Eisenmenger syndrome was initially described in 1897 when German physician, Victor Eisenmenger, reported on a patient with symptoms of dyspnea and cyanosis from infancy that subsequently developed heart failure (Connolly, 2014). The postmortem description was revealed and a ventricular septal defect was discovered (El-Chami et al., 2014a). With that being said, this had been the first time that the link between a large congenital cardiac shunt defect and the development of pulmonary hypertension had ever been noted (El-Chami et al., 2014b). The normal heart has four chambers. The two upper chambers are separated from each other by the atrial septum (NORD, 2014a). The two lower chambers are known as ventricles and are separated from each other by the ventricular septum (NORD, 2014b).
“Hypoplastic left heart syndrome accounts for 9% of all critically ill newborns with congenital cardiac disease, causing the largest number of cardiac deaths in the first year of life.(2) ” HLHS is a severe heart defect that is present at birth. HLHS combines different defects that result in an underdeveloped left side of the heart. This syndrome is one of the most challenging and difficult to manage of all of the congenital heart defects. Multiple portions on the left side of the heart are affected including the left ventricle, the mitral and aortic valve, and the ascending aorta. These structures are greatly reduced in size, or completely nonexistent causing the functionality of the left heart to be reduced, or non-functional all together.
The thickening of the muscle cells do not necessarily have to change the size of the ventricles, but can narrow the blood vessels inside the heart. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy can be grouped into two categories: obstructive HCM and non-obstructive HCM. With obstructive HCM, the septum (the wall that divides the left and right sides of the heart) becomes thickened and blocks the blood flow out of the left ventricle. Overall, HCM usually starts in the left ventricle. HCM can also cause blood to leak backward through the mitral valve causing even more problems. The walls of the ventricles can also become stiff since it cannot hold a normal amount of blood. This stiffening causes the ventricle to not relax and entirely fill with
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Effects on Young Athletes Alyssa Trimm 130568370 Wilfrid Laurier University Dr. Kalmar KP 122 Section A
"Cardiovascular Disease: Facts, Disease Prevention and Treatment Strategies." Cardiovascular Disease: Facts, Disease Prevention and Treatment Strategies. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Oct. 2013.
Capture Myopathy? Not very often a diagnosis is termed liked this, especially in the field of human medicine, especially n the field of cardiology the where the term myopathy is revered as Cardiomyopathy. Myopathy is a disease that affects the muscles and causes weakness due to dysfunction of muscle fibers (1); Cardiomyopathy is of the same circumstance but deals primarily with the heart. Capture Myopathy is relative to many animals, especially mammals and provides a definitive correlation to humans and their potential medical prognosis of Cardiomyopathy. Capture Myopathy is a syndrome that that occurs within captive animals and causes rapid death through excessive adrenaline within the bloodstreams. (3) Capture Myopathy is quite often referred to as white muscle disease, the muscle when used causes a change of metabolism from using oxygen to using the stored energy within the muscle. The change up allows for lactic acid to build up and make its way into the bloodstream where it changes the homeostasis of the body: the body pH and the heart output. In essence, if the heart is inefficiently pumping the correct oxygen to the muscle, the muscle will begin to deteriorate and ultimately lead to damages to the kidney and the effector organs. (2) Animal Capture Myopathy is very relatable to human Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy, and thus this paper will aim to trace how animals are very relatable to humans even through the Cardiovascular System based on normal physiology and stress. (WHAT SHOULD I TALK ABOUT?)
Congestive heart failure represents the end product of the many conditions that reduce the thrusting ability of the heart. Congestive heart failure is not a detailed disease but a illness that is measured by the inability of the heart to pump blood adequate with the metabolic needs of the body. Heart failure is accompanied by overcrowding of the body tissues. For instance, heart failure may be shown as an acute condition as in pulmonary edema or as a chronic condition as in congestive heart
Just as breast cancer is killing our African American women, heart disease is also one of the major diseases killing our women. Heart disease is one of the nation’s leading causes of death in both woman and men. About 600,000 people die of heart disease in the United States (Americas heart disease burden, 2013). Some facts about heart disease are every year about 935,000 Americans have a heart attack. Of these, 610,000 are a first heart attack victim. 325,000 happen in people who have already had a heart attack. Also coronary heart disease alone costs the United States $108.9 billion each year. This total includes the cost of health care services, medications, and loss of productivity. Deaths of heart disease in the United States back in 2008 killed about 24.5% of African Americans.
(Slide 2) What is Cardiomyopathy? If we break down the word we can see “Cardio” which means of the heart, “myo” which means muscle, and “pathy” which means disease, therefore cardiomyopathies are diseases of the heart muscle. (Slide 3) There are 3 main types of cardiomyopathies; hypertrophic, dilated, and restrictive. I will only be discussing dilated cardiomyopathy, which is characterized by the enlargement of the hearts chambers with impaired systolic function. It is estimated that as many as 1 of 500 adults may have this condition. Dilated cardiomyopathy is more common in blacks than in whites and in males than in females. It is the most common form of cardiomyopathy in children and it can occur at any age (CDC).
The heart is a pump with four chambers made of their own special muscle called cardiac muscle. Its interwoven muscle fibers enable the heart to contract or squeeze together automatically (Colombo 7). It’s about the same size of a fist and weighs some where around two hundred fifty to three hundred fifty grams (Marieb 432). The size of the heart depends on a person’s height and size. The heart wall is enclosed in three layers: superficial epicardium, middle epicardium, and deep epicardium. It is then enclosed in a double-walled sac called the Pericardium. The terms Systole and Diastole refer respectively and literally to the contraction and relaxation periods of heart activity (Marieb 432). While the doctor is taking a patient’s blood pressure, he listens for the contractions and relaxations of the heart. He also listens for them to make sure that they are going in a single rhythm, to make sure that there are no arrhythmias or complications. The heart muscle does not depend on the nervous system. If the nervous s...
Cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome is a very rare and serious genetic disorder that generally affects the heart, facial features, and skin of an individual. It is caused by a desultory gene mutation, which takes place in one of four genes. Those genes are known as BRAF, MEK1, MEK2, and KRAS. From research, it is also suspected there is a possibility that other genes are associated with the rare condition. This disorder holds multiple alternative names, a long history, obvious symptoms, extensive amounts of interesting data, and is lucky enough to be supported by numerous organizations that will stop at nothing to help.