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Stages of child development
How we can learn from child development theories
Stages of child development
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Now days we can see that young children are very inquisitive about finding the reason behind every occurrence. They are self motivated to learn about the “Hows” and “Whys” of the world. It can be said that the children are almost like scientist as they collect evidences by scrutinizing and experiencing the world. Children are generally involved in the process making hypotheses; they are also engaged in evaluating the statistical data and releasing prior beliefs when they are presented by other stronger evidences. All this they are doing even when they are searching for their toys, arranging blocks in any random manner or playing with toys with their friends. Children also show amazing psychological intuition by watching the actions of other people and can also determine underlying enthusiasm, desires and preferences (Kushnir and Wellman, 2010). During the primary school years, children grow and learn in many different ways. Children not only grow physically but also develop in social context, emotionally/psychologically and cognitively. This resource basically converse the three dimensions of child development i.e. Social, Emotional and Cognitive. Social Learning and Development theory Children generally learn by watching others. It is basically known as the process of observational learning. Children start learning by observing people around them behaving different ways (Bandura, 1977). The same thing is illustrated in the resource twice. Once when other children start bullying Ben, other children by looking at their behaviors start bullying Ben. Secondly, when Ben saw a dream where he saw a boy who was bullied by others, but that boy went ahead and complained his teacher. According social theory of learning and development, the ... ... middle of paper ... ...ge, parenting 8. Integrity v Despair Mature Age 50+, old age, grandparents With the help of Erickson’s theory, it is understood that the children of Ben’s age should learn to take initiative whenever required and also learn about the kinds of behavior that are not allowed. This theory also teaches us that a delicate balance should be maintained in being tolerant and preventive (Charlesworth R., 2013). The same scenario is also depicted in the resource where Ben taken an initiative at an appropriate time to tell his teacher about the other children bullying him. Another theory which is related to the resource is the Cognitive theory of learning and development. Cognitive theory of learning and development With the help of Cognitive development theory child finds out about the world around him. This also comprises imagination, thinking, memorizing and reasoning.
In chapter one, cognitive development was briefly discussed and now in chapter 5 it goes a little deeper. One of the first names that comes to mind when thinking of cognitive development is Piaget. Piaget’s theory is described as constructivist view to cognitive development. A constructivist view is that people create or “construct” their own view and knowledge of the world by the information they already know. They view life through the experiences and knowledge they already obtain. The essential building block to Piaget’s theory is schemes which are patterns of physical or mental action. Throughout life people just build on the schemes when they experience something new they relate it an old experience. An example would be an animal that
Children are reacting to the authority of persons in their lives. The teacher acts in a firm but friendly manner to reinforce limits, raise conscious levels, and teach alternative behaviours. I have noticed a child in a childcare, showed mistaken behaviour as a result of dominant character. Despite her small size, she has rapidly become one of the leaders. She plays with just about all of toys, and she has a constant need to be in control of other. She occasionally gets in to arguments, with her peers when they no longer accept her leadership. She has difficulty resolving these conflicts and frequently has a tantrum when she is unable to have her own way. Then I made them sit quietly and I asked her whether she likes it when her friend feels sad. He says "no." I continue to guide him through discovering a solution by asking questions until we reach one that works. The kind gesture makes her feel happy and stopped her argument with peers. Together we find a solution that builds her awareness and how to solve peer conflicts, giving him tools to build positive relationships in the future. According to Gartrell” At the socially influenced level, children have learned that using
Theorists such as Jean Piaget, Lev Vygotsky, Erik Erikson, Sigmund Freud, and Lawrence Kohlberg have studied and documented information about the stages of childhood development. The three main stages of childhood development are early childhood, middle childhood and adolescence. Each stage contains developmental behaviors and characteristics of different age groups. However, the childhood development stage that this paper is focus on is the middle childhood stage. During this phase in a child’s life, they go through a variety of changes. Such changes include; physical, cognitive, social and emotional changes. According to this course text, HDEV (2010), middle childhood comprises children between the ages of 6 to 12 years. In addition, in relation to the information that is presented in this text about the
Facts about psychosocial development are that there are eight sages in Erikson’s theory. The eight stages range from infancy to adult and include the following; Trust vs. Mistrust, autonomy vs. shame and doubt, initiative versus guilt, industry vs. inferiority, identity vs. role confusion, intimacy vs. isolation, generativity vs. stagnation, and ego integrity vs. despair. Since my paper is subjected on early childhood I will discuss Erikson’s theory on early child hood psychosocial development. Erikson’s theory suggests that kids ages 3 – 5 are developing initiative vs. guilt. At this stage preschoolers children learn to take responsibility for their own behavior s they develop self-control (Cicceralli & White, 2015, p.304). When they are at this stage they love to try everything on their own, and when they succeed at what they are try they feel like a “big” girl or boy. When they succeed they will take the initiative to try more but when they don’t succeed they feel let down and you have to give a little pep talk to encourage them to keep trying. I watch my four-year-old daughter try everything these days. She doesn’t shy away from try to do everything by herself it can be any where from getting dress to bathing. When she succeeds at the task you don’t have to tell her she’s a big girl shell beat you to it. Now some task I’ll watch her try to do and if she starts to have a hard time she tries to wine about it, but I encourage he to keep trying and tell her what adjustments to make. Its great seeing her want to take that step towards being this independent little kid because there isn’t much she
Cognitive development refers to the development of human’s ability to conduct mental activities to think and use knowledge. Researchers and psychologists attach great importance to figure out how human’s cognition develops over time, especially during childhood and adolescence. The results and theories concluded in this area could make a great contribution to high quality education and the mental health of children and teenagers.
Cognitive development focuses on the person’s ability to intellect, perceive and process information. (35589) defined the cognitive ability as the process in which people learn, think and use language; it is the progression of their mental capacity from being irrational to rational (35589). Piaget and Vygotsky are two cognitive theorists whom were interested in the cognitive development of a person across their life span and its relation with social and environmental factors. Piaget is the most known cognitive theorist who affected the world of psychology greatly, and was a great influence to many psychologists out there; however his main intention was the innate maturity process and, unlike Vygotsky, he underestimated the role of language and social interaction and his theory wasn’t useful in the teaching field. However, both theorists believed that a person goes through a sequential process during their development. They were also both aware that one gains knowledge through experience and not through passive learning.
Erik Erikson defined this period of psychosocial development. It occurs during ages three to six. He called this stage initiative versus guilt. During this stage, the child is faced with taking independent action and dealing with the results. They are exploring different things and taking risks. The child, during this stage, is trying to find their identity apart from their parents, or their self-concept (Feldman, 2011). They will attempt to imitate their parents. If the parents dislike what they are doing, a sense of guilt may occur in the child (Fleming, 2004). If there is positive reinforcement of the child’s behavior or questions, initiative will be the result (Elkind, 1970). They will have to experience both initiative and guilt to come to an appropriate resolution. Whichever strength arises during this stage will help shape their identity. If the strength is the opposite of the basic strength, this can lead to issues. If they succeed, the child will find a sense of purpose. However, if they fail, they will get a sense of inhibition. This greatly influences a child’s psychosocial development. The child must pass this stage to move on to the next stage. (Fleming,
Children at this stage rely less on senses and motor skills; nonetheless, survey the surroundings, asks questions, and engages in make-believe play. Therefore, the 3 year old preschooler corresponds to this stage and will display the characteristics of this stage. For instance, if he goes to the zoo for the first time, he will go around looking what’s new for him, ask questions to his parents about certain animals of the zoo, saying “What is that mommy or daddy.” Also, he will pretend to be one of those animals found in the zoo such as trying to imitated the gestures of a monkey or gorilla since children at this stage uses symbolic thinking to communicate. However, there are limitations on children’s thinking abilities at this stage. They are not able to think logically, struggles to understand abstract concepts but they are able to understand simple concepts. For example, if the 3 year old during Christmas got a doll as present that has the same characteristics of a human, he would thought the doll is human too but fail to understand what will happen if he asks questions to the doll with the expectation that the doll will respond him back. He is experiencing animism which is kids believe everything that moves is
== Piaget’s theories of cognitive development are that children learn through exploration of their environment. An adult’s role in this is to provide children with appropriate experiences. He said that cognitive development happens in four stages. 1.
Cognitive theory is concerned with the development of a person’s thought process. Cognitive theory influences how one understands and interacts with the world. Cognitive Theorist Paiget, proposed an idea that served information on the development to account for the steps and sequence of children’s intellect differently than adults. This paper will compare and contrast the 3 cognitivist theories: Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory, Vygotsky’s Socio Cultural Cognitive Theory and the Information Processing Approach in Kermit and the Keyboard.
Taking our cues from children: it is important to take our cues from children throughout any
Cognitive theories are concerned with the development of a person’s thought processes. To him, children think differently than adults. His theory describes and explains the development of thought processes and mental states and how these influence the way we understand and interact with the world. His theory accounts for the steps and sequences of a child’s intellectual development. His theory considers that the child passes through 4 stages. The first stage is the sensorimotor stage (birth to age 2). This is when the child learns the world through movements and sensations. They also learn about object permanence (that a thing continues to exist even when it cannot be seen). The child learns that they are separate from the people and objects that are around them and that their actions cause things to happen. The second stage is the preoperational stage (2-7 years). During this stage the child begins to think symbolically and learn to use words and pictures to represent objects. Language is at the highlight of this stage. At this stage, the child learns through pretend play but is egocentric and struggles to see things from the perspective of others. The child is still concrete about the world around them. The third stage is the concrete operational stage (7-11 years). The child begins to think more logically and organized, but still very concrete. They begin to use logic or reasoning from information to a general
When it comes to understanding children’s actions, their behavior, and their thinking it is imperative to understand the whole brain of the child. Children brains are developed through their parents, and the experiences they encounter as they are growing up. In the textbook Siegel & Bryson talks about the different parts of the brain. First, we must understand that our brain is a social organ. In knowing this, when our children encounter different circumstances we have to learn how to integrate them in thinking through situations with their whole. “Integration takes the distinct parts of your brain and helps them work together as a whole” (Siegel & Bryson, 6). Parents have to observe their children and know how to deal with them. All children are wired different and have their own
They believe that children must form their own understanding of the world in which they live. Adults help guide this knowledge construction process by providing structure and support. The goal of Piaget’s theory is to explain the processes by which the infant and then the child develop into an individual who reason using hypotheses. Children construct an understanding of the world around them, and then experience discrepancies between what they already know and what they discover in their environment. He changed how people viewed the child’s world; his ideas have been used in understanding and communicating with
As I personally take the time to have a reflection over the course of “Child and Adolescent Development” I find myself intrigued with the amount of knowledge I gained during this course this semester. I wanted to take the time to concentrate on three specific areas in which I felt I had the most growth, but also came as a challenge to me as well. It is important when reflecting over a course that I look at what I found to be challenging, as this was an opportunity of growth for me individually. In this paper I will review some of the main topics that I found to be interesting but also resourceful for my future aspiration not only as a family life educator but also a mother one day.