Sugar/Sucrose
a.Definition:
A sweet substance that can be obtained by various plants especially sugar canes and sugar beet (You can see more in how to obtained the sugar in characteristics). It can be use in numerous foods to make it sweeter and more tastier. Sugar is also a sweet and tasting carbohydrate.
b.Composition:
The sugar composition can be composed by two sugar units, a glucose and a fructose The formula is C12H22O11. To explain the formula for people who do not understand this scientific formula we are going to break it up. C stands for Carbon, H stands for Hydrogen, and O stands for Oxygen. The numbers stand for how many pure substances or elements are there. In this formula they are 12 Carbon, 22 Hydrogens and 11 Oxygen. They
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Characteristics
You can get sugar in sugar canes and sugar beets. You can get the substances my crushing the sugarcane and extracting from the sugar cane. By the sugar beet you extracted with water or others liquid by evaporation. Also you can extracted by purifying. Using this method about 170 metric tons of sugar each year, but it can be also seen as bad news because sugar is not good for you it can affect your health and risk of getting diseases especially on your liver, heart, and pancreas.
2. Oxidation a. Definition:
When during a reaction the loss of electrons by a molecule, atom or ion. Or more simply: a chemical reaction in which a substance loses electrons. Long before, chemist thought that oxidation was any chemical process in which a substance combined with oxygen, there's where it got the name, but what most people don’t know is that some of these reactions can occur without oxygen.
b. Oxidation State: Oxidation state indicates the levels of oxidation for an atom in a chemical compound. If all of the bonds of an atom were completely ionic then oxidation is the hypothetical charge of
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Reduction is a reaction in which a substance gains electrons. Reduction and Oxidation always go hand by hand because after the substance lost its electrons there has to be another substance to get them. What people mostly connect with oxidation is rust. Rust is when oxidation combines with oxygen. For example: metal rusts when iron combines slowly with water and oxygen.
d. Redox Reactions: Redox stands for reduction and oxidation. Keep in mind that reduction is gaining electrons and oxidation is losing. In redox reactions both happen because when a substance is oxidized there will always be an object gaining electrons and one losing. Redox reactions are those reactions in which the oxidation state of the reactant changes. This happens because in many reaction electrons are being transferred. These happen everyday all around us. From fire to laptop batteries, all are based on redox reactions.
Types:
Combination: These reactions combine elements to form a chemical compound, and within this oxidation and reduction occur together As usual, oxidation and reduction (redox) occur
Oxidation and reduction: Oxidation is the loss of electrons or an increase in oxidation state by a
Suprisingly, for something so desireable knowledge of sugar cane spread vey slow. First found in Guinea and first farmed in India (sources vary on this), knowledge of it would only arrive in Europe thousands of years later. However, there is more to the history of sugar cane than a simple story of how something was adopted piecemeal into various cultures. Rather the history of sugar, with regards to this question, really only takes off with its introduction to Europe. First exposed to the delights of sugar cane during the crusades, Europeans quickly acquired a taste for this sweet substance.
Covalent compounds are formed when two or more non-metals react together. The covalent compound is actually made of molecules, and the name given depends on the structure of these molecules. Prefixes, like di- for two, tri- for three, tetra- for four, and so forth, are frequently used. Thus, NO2 is nitrogen dioxide and N2O4 is dinitrogen
Geographically, sugar made its way around the world rather rapidly once it first left Indonesia. Sugar cane was first found in New Guinea around 8000 BC. One of the most significant causes that came out of sugar production was the Atlantic Slave Trade. “The vast majority of the African captives transported across the Atlantic, some 80 percent or more, ended up in Brazil and the Caribbean (Strayer 568).”
Carbohydrates are categorised in three many groups: Ø Monosaccharide – monomers and therefore contain single surgar. Ø Disaccharide – contain double sugars. Ø Polysaccharide – are large molecules containing many complex sugars. The general formula for carbohydrates is Cx(H20)y. Monosaccharides are white crystalline solids with low molecular mass and sweet tasting.
Originally, sugar started in Southwest Asia and made its way to the New World by Christopher Columbus in 1492. He started to grow it in this new tropical environment and the plant grew rapidly. Due to the success of this plant, other colonies wanted to get their hands on it. The colonists spread the plant out to the European colonies, Spanish colonies, and the Portuguese brought sugar to Brazil. Sugar made its way all around the world.
Sugar has been the basis of Europe and America where very few Europeans knew about sucrose in 1000 A. D. but shortly after cane sugar was highly sought after but why? Was sugar only loved because of its sweetness? By 1650 the English nobility and wealthy were very inve...
Initially, all people think of sugar in foods as a sweetener, but what they do not recognize is that it is used to preserve food. Such as: jams and canned fruits. Also sugar thickens the texture that makes liquid much better. Sugar is used around the world for bakery products and soft drinks. Furthermore, sugar is used in pharmaceutical industries, it is a common knowledge that sugar is a medicine that treats people with low blood sugar, also for diabetics with insulin intake; to balance sugar levels. In addition, sugar is a rehydration source that prevents dehydration. Additionally, sugar is used in the production of fabrics. In summary, sugar without a doubt is an important commodity because of these uses and because of its
It was in 1640 that the British sugar industry began when the British acquired Barbados. Sugar production began to increase through the seventeenth century. The original consumers of the first sugar produced by the British sugar colonies were British themselves. Throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the consumption of sugar in British colonies continued to increase. The consumption of sugar in Britain is due to the increased production by the British sugar colonies.
If they collide with sufficient energy, then they will react. The minimum amount of kinetic energy required for particles at the time of collision is called the activation energy and this theory is known as the?collision theory?. Reactions occur in all circumstances. Chemicals are always combining and breaking up. Reactants and products combine and break apart in all reactions.
... the reaction to shift to the right would be to remove products. A third way is to change the temperature. Since this is an endothermic reaction, +∆H, we can imagine that “heat” is a reactant. Thus, if we add heat, it will shift to the right. To be classified as a redox reaction, we need at least two elements to change oxidation states. The easiest way to look at a reaction and determine this is if you have an element by itself on one side of the reaction and it is in a compound on the other side. Most of the time, the oxidation number of each element in a compound is their common charge. The sum of oxidation numbers must equal the compounds overall charge. Elements in the natural state (by themselves) have an oxidation number of 0. The reducing agent is the species responsible for reducing the other chemical. Therefore, the reducing agent is oxidized itself.
The rate of a reaction is the rate of loss of a reactant or rate of
Bond making is an exothermic process. However if a certain bond in a molecule is broken and then reformed, then the same amount of energy must be involved. During a chemical reaction bonds in the reactants are broken and new bonds are made in the products.
These meanings of sugar are significant as “those who controlled society held a commanding position not only in regard to the availability of sugar, but the also in regard to at least some of the meanings that sugar products [acquire]” (152). As the meaning attached to sugar changes completely, many people saw that “producing, shipping, refining, and taxing sugar [are becoming] proportionately more effective sources of power for the powerful, since the sums of money involved [are] so much larger”
Sugar, like many other tradeable goods, was circulated through a variety of regions for over a thousand years. As trade and transportation created opportunities for more interactions between locations, sugar was introduced to places that it had been previously unknown. In the sixteenth century, Europe, specifically England, took a large interest in sugar, first serving as a luxury for the elite class but eventually evolving into a good available to all social classes. The high demand for sugar led to the expansion of sugar production, an increase in African slavery, and implemented a significant system of trade.