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Dangers of genetic engineering
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Although both cases and scenarios delve into informed consent and patient privacy although neither side gained any financial incentives, it still calls into question of patients rights and ethical behaviors. Access to care could also become a challenge when genetic tests reveal hereditary conditions in the future is of major concern to patient and insurance providers. The patients concern would be access to quality healthcare without being scrutinized by the company that could result in higher premiums and deals of care.Another debate would be which patient would receive treatment when it comes to genetically engineered healthcare treatments. Although privacy laws are in place to thwart such behavior, there are no guarantees to protect consumers
from health care discrimination. Access to medical care is just one of the ethical debates that are revealed in the wake of genetic testing. Resolutions In a result of modern medicine making strides way to reduce the problems that have an impact on healthcare are improving methods for Access to care, Informed Consent, Right to Privacy and Nonmaleficence. Informed consent in the area of research is an essential element of biomedical research that seeks to support the ethical value of patient and participant autonomy. Although, the approach has become incrementally complex for both researchers and participants. Obtaining consent is by no means easy: researchers must not only enlist participants in their research, however, but convey to them their rights as human subjects, the scientific question under investigation, the study methodology, and the potential damage and possible benefits. Research employ considerable effort documenting that process. Research consent categorically stresses disclosure on the presumption that additional information aids potential participants in decision-making. A solution to increase educating patient and staff on what informed consent means. Once both entities have a complete understanding, then this will allow for tests and treatments. Without any informed consent, legal and ethical issues will arise in the form of possible financial liabilities. Access to care is an area that will become more challenging once medical scientists gain full approval on conducting treatment on our population. Although strides made are to benefit all. Unfortunately, it will come with a huge price tag. Access to care has always been a challenge for many; the disparity will increase due to cost and availability. Currently, only the wealthy can afford medical treatments that are deemed experimental, whereas the poor will have no access. Additionally, those receiving any government paid health care benefits will not be eligible either.
Autonomy is a concept found in moral, political, and bioethical reasoning. Inside these connections, it is the limit of a sound individual to make an educated, unpressured decision. Patient autonomy can conflict with clinician autonomy and, in such a clash of values, it is not obvious which should prevail. (Lantos, Matlock & Wendler, 2011). In order to gain informed consent, a patient
Today, there are so many legal dilemmas dominating trial for the courts to make a sound legal decision on whose right in a complicated situation. Despite the outcome of the case, the disagreement usually has a profound effect on the healthcare organization, and the industry as a whole. Many cases are arguments centered around if the issue is a legal or moral principle. Regardless what the situation maybe, the final decision is left to the courts to differentiate between the legality issues at hand opposed to justifying a case based on moral rules. According to Pozgar (2012), an ethical dilemma arises in situations where a choice must be made between unpleasant alternative. It can occur whenever a choice involves giving up something good and suffering something bad, no matter what course of action is taken (p. 367). In this paper, I will discuss cases that arose in the healthcare industry that have been tried and brought to justice by the United States court system.
Healthcare creates unique dilemmas that must consider the common good of every patient. Medical professionals, on a frequent basis, face situations that require complicated, and at times, difficult decision-making. The medical matters they decide on are often sensitive and critical in regards to patient needs and care. In the Case of Marguerite M and the Angiogram, the medical team in both cases were faced with the critical question of which patient gets the necessary medical care when resources are limited. In like manner, when one patient receives the appropriate care at the expense of another, medical professionals face the possibility of liability and litigation. These medical circumstances place a burden on the healthcare professionals to think and act in the best interest of the patient while still considering the ethical and legal issues they may confront as a result of their choices and actions. Medical ethics and law are always evolving as rapid advances in all areas of healthcare take place.
Studies to make the process quicker and cleaner are under development.... ... middle of paper ... ... Insurance providers and other holders of genetic information should be prohibited from releasing genetic information (Hudson, 1998). Guidelines like these need to be formed into a federal law that people can pass in one way or another so that we can be protected from the various forms of discrimination that is possible with this kind of information.
The more we know about genetics and the building blocks of life the closer we get to being capable of cloning a human. The study of chromosomes and DNA strains has been going on for years. In 1990, the Unites States Government founded the Human Genome Project (HGP). This program was to research and study the estimated 80,000 human genes and determine the sequences of 3 billion DNA molecules. Knowing and being able to examine each sequence could change how humans respond to diseases, viruses, and toxins common to everyday life. With the technology of today the HGP expects to have a blueprint of all human DNA sequences by the spring of 2000. This accomplishment, even though not cloning, presents other new issues for individuals and society. For this reason the Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications (ELSI) was brought in to identify and address these issues. They operate to secure the individuals rights to those who contribute DNA samples for studies. The ELSI, being the biggest bioethics program, has to decide on important factors when an individual’s personal DNA is calculated. Such factors would include; who would have access to the information, who controls and protects the information and when to use it? Along with these concerns, the ESLI tries to prepare for the estimated impacts that genetic advances could be responsible for in the near future. The availability of such information is becoming to broad and one needs to be concerned where society is going with it.
In America, the legal age to sign off on any medical consent is 18 years of age. Seventeen year olds should be able to compose their own medical decisions, and sign off on their own medical consents. Power should land in their hands, accompanied by the professional advice of a doctor. It is your body, be compelled to fabricate a decision without having to have your parent’s signature.
Due to the human genome project and other genetic research, tests for mutation which cause diseases have been developed. The list of these illnesses include several types of cancer. Doctors have estimated that as many as 3,000 diseases are due to mutations in the genome. These diseases include several types of colon cancer in which three different genetic tests have been already developed. Debates have arisen on whether these tests should be used regularly or not. Questions including the patients= rights of privacy and the possibility of loss of health or life insurance have been argued over in both the media and political arena.
The genetic technology revolution has proved to be both a blessing and a blight. The Human Genome Project is aimed at mapping and sequencing the entire human genome. DNA chips are loaded with information about human genes. The chip reveals specific information about the individuals’ health and genetic makeup (Richmond & Germov 2009).The technology has been described as a milestone by many in that it facilitates research, screening, and treatment of genetic conditions. However, there have been fears that the technology permits a reduction in privacy when the information is disclosed. Many argue that genetic information can also be used unfairly to discriminate against or stigmatize individuals (Willis 2009).
The Human Genome Project is the largest scientific endeavor undertaken since the Manhattan Project, and, as with the Manhattan Project, the completion of the Human Genome Project has brought to surface many moral and ethical issues concerning the use of the knowledge gained from the project. Although genetic tests for certain diseases have been available for 15 years (Ridley, 1999), the completion of the Human Genome Project will certainly lead to an exponential increase in the number of genetic tests available. Therefore, before genetic testing becomes a routine part of a visit to a doctor's office, the two main questions at the heart of the controversy surrounding genetic testing must be addressed: When should genetic testing be used? And who should have access to the results of genetic tests? As I intend to show, genetic tests should only be used for treatable diseases, and individuals should have the freedom to decide who has access to their test results.
With gene splicing these special scientists are on the verge of modifying certain foods to become “prefect”. Not only are we altering foods but also animals. Labs are genetically altering animals to become more adaptive to their testing need. Rats without immune systems or pigs that carry a gene for growth hormones and show significant improvement in weight gain and reduced fat. With genetic engineering we as humans could respond to diseases before they become a threat. A person’s entire gene makeup could be mapped out before they are even born. This in turn raises many controversial issues such as gene discrimination and “human perfecting”. Through the gene makeup we are able to help prevent and cure many diseases, however, life and health insurance companies could use this map to make more money off the individuals who are more likely to become sick.
Informed consent- The words “informed consent” are only mentioned twice in the ACJS code of ethics. Specifically, the code states that “informed consent should be obtained when the risks of research are greater than the risks of everyday life.” It is also included that in situations where individuals are illiterate, under correctional supervision, minors, have low social status, are under judicial supervision, have diminished capacity, are unfamiliar with social research or otherwise occupy a position of unequal power with the researcher, culturally appropriate steps should be taken to secure informed consent.
The meaning of informed consent according to Corey (2013) states: “Informed consent involves the right of clients to be informed about their therapy and to make autonomous decisions pertaining to it” (p. 40). Informed consent is a basic collaborative agreement between the client and their therapist that sets the guidelines of what is to be expected from both client and therapist. Informed consent details the possibilities of what the risks are in their therapy process, as well as the benefits. I think that one of the ways that the counselor used the informed consent was by letting Stan know it was a process, and that they would be working on it together. It was Stan’s belief that the counselor would tell him what to do, and that he would just
Disclosure of pertinent medical facts and alternative course of treatment should not be overlooked by the physician in the decision making process. This is very important information impacting whether that patient will go along with the recommended treatment. The right to informed consent did not become a judicial issue ...
For one, it costs a lot of money for the research and equipment needed for the diagnostics (Jakka & Rossbach, 2013). Patients may also hear about an amazing and innovative treatment in the media and that they would then hear would not apply to them because of their genetic makeup which could lead to a breakdown in communication between the patient and the doctor (Cuticaaa, et al., 2014). There is also a privacy issue in that the patient’s genomic profile may be stored on a database for research uses and some patients may not want their DNA profile for anyone to see if it’s not for the purpose of their own treatment (Caplan, 2016). Patients may also find out things they would not want to. For example, if comparing the genetic profiles of family members to see if a disease is passed down through family it could be found that a parent is not the blood-relative of their child which would most likely lead to an angry patient. However, this could be an advantage as the profile could reveal that a patient might be at a greater risk of a disease which has not shown any symptoms yet and measures could be taken in order to reduce the risk factors (Caplan, 2016). Any doctors who would like to suggest a personalised therapy to a patient would have to be trained and educated on what their medicine is and how it works so they are able to give as much information as they can to their patient (Najafzadeh, et al.,
All parties from the facility disagree with having curtains to provide patient safety but strongly recommended movable screens. There are concerns with curtains related to patient safety and infection control.