Bone Graft Essay

1170 Words3 Pages

It is clear that the use of bone grafts has obviously grown in the last years for periodontal and maxillofacial applications. Although autogenous graft is the gold standard due to its neglected risk of disease transmission and developing a harmful immune response following its implantation, a variety of complication like pain or arterial injury, as well as, donor site morbidity are likely to be provoked(1). Therefore, allograft is considered an appropriate modality. However, they can initiate unwanted immune response (2, 3). The ideal osteoinductive and osteoconductive properties are obtained with fresh allograft. However, they trigger severe immune response (4, 5). Trials have been done to reduce such immunogenicity. Studies have revealed …show more content…

The macrophages first identify allo-antigens, and then they engulf these antigens to be finally presented via MHC molecule. Following this step, macrophages secrete (IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-α) in order to activate T cells and to attract more macrophages (33-36). The activated lymphocytes release a variety of cytokines either to stimulate the differentiation and proliferation of osteoclasts either directly or indirectly like IL-7 (37), IL-15 (38), IL-17 by Th17 (39-41) and INF-γ (42), or suppress osteoclastogenesis as IL-4 (43), and IL-13 (38). T cells are classified into two major types CD8 and CD4. CD4 cells include Th1, Th2, Th17, and Treg cells. The latter have the ability to suppress immune reactions, and consequently graft rejection …show more content…

Moreover, different cytokines play a crucial role in controlling bone remodeling. It has been revealed that the main regulatory cytokines are RANKL, RANK, OPG, M-CSF, IGF-I, IGF-II, TGF-β, interleukin1 (IL-1), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor a (TNF-α) (52).Generally, there is a group of cytokines that is responsible for regulation of osteoblasts including IL-1, 3, 7, 10, 13,TNF-α and interferon-γ. While IL-1, 3, 4, 6–8, 10–13, 15, 17, 18, 23, TNF-α, OPG, leukocyte inhibition factor (LIF), M-CSF, and interferon-g are involved in the regulation of osteoclasts

More about Bone Graft Essay

Open Document