You would have most recently seen and heard of black hole in Christopher Nolan’s hit movie Interstellar, and felt like a nasty bouncer above the head? Well, there is a simple explanation to what black holes are and how do they exist.
Imagine a massive celestial object in space, so densely packed with matter that nothing can ever escape it, not even light- that’s what black holes are. They are formed by large stars- stars that are way larger in size (20 times or more) than the sun. When such massive stars run out of fuel in its course, it can no longer sustain its heavy weight. They rapidly collapse causing colossal of explosions called supernova.
The dense core of the star continues to remain bound together by the force of gravity and pressures
from the star’s outer layers continue to collapse inwards because of its weight. These particles continue to be squashed together and the star becomes smaller and smaller until all that is left is a black hole. This object is so dense that even light cannot escape it and is expected to be spinning. Due to the spinning nature and strong gravity, they drag the space around them just like honey drags along a spinning spoon. We can see an object only when light bounces from it, but since black holes don't let light escape, they appear black - hence the name. Singularity is the name given to the tiny gravitational centre in a black hole, which is incredibly dense, think of it as the nucleus of an atom. Around the Singularity there is a region from which light is not able to escape and is sucked in. The edge of this region is called event horizon. Outside of this event horizon, matter and light will still be sucked in but they can be seen and they appear like Saturn rings spiralling in - think of water spiralling in the sink hole - instead of rings, this region is called accretion disk (accretion means gathering). So if we cannot "see" a black hole, how do we know that they exist? Well, just like planets revolve around sun due to sun's gravity, similarly when celestial objects are seen revolving around an invisible centre, a black hole is spotted. Many scientists from the 17th century have tried to prove the existence of black holes but it was only in 1970s when Stephen hawking proved that black holes must exist. Recent studies prove that black holes exist, generating lot of fascination and mystery around this subject matter.
Death by Black Hole: And Other Cosmic Quandaries is a biography that is divided into 5 chapters total and a total of 42 mini sections. Bringing together more than forty of Tyson's favorite essays explores a myriad of cosmic topics, from what it would be like to be inside a black hole to the movie industry's feeble
It is believed that super massive black holes exist in the cores of many large galaxies, including the Milky Way galaxy, which is our galaxy. (Swinburne University 2014). It is believed that a normal black holes were formed because of a supernova explosion of a gigantic star, meaning when huge stars collapse, so the larger the star, the larger the black hole. ( Millis 2014) . So therefore a simple idea of how a super massive black hole might have been formed would be because of a collision of super enormous star or a collision of star clusters (star clouds). (Super massive black holes 2014)
When itBetelgeuse cannot fuse anymore anything over iron, the star will not have enough energy to make heat. Eventually, the core will collapse. When Betelgeuse collapses, it is so strong and powerful that it causes the outer layers to rebound. With the rebound it will have an explosion, which is called a Supernova (Type two). The explosion has so much energy and power that the temperature becomes really hot. The temperature is so hot that it can use the fusion process much heavier than iron. The elements that were given off from the explosion are sent throughout space and are now new nebula. When the Supernova is done, it has left behind a star called a Neutron star. They form when atoms of the core of a dead star are crushed together and the end result produces neutrons. The neutrons are with electrons that are degenerate on the surface. Many Neutron stars have magnetic fields and they give off strong waves of radiation from their poles. These types of Neutron Stars are known as Pulsars.
Black holes were originally thought to have only mere mathematical concepts. There was seemingly no possible way to compress any object into a space small enough to equal to its schwarzschild radius. Later however, astronomer Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar calculated that stars much larger than our own sun should theoretically be able to collapse into a black hole (UTFC). A star is like a blown up balloon with the force of gravity trying to compress the balloon inwards and the air trying to push the balloon outwards. Likewise, stars are held in balance by gravity trying to collapse the star inwards going against the outwards pressure of the internal reactions of the star called nuclear fusion. If the star is big enough and the pressure inside quickly disappears, gravity would and should slingshot the star into a tiny point with near infinite density with an extremely strong gravitatio...
gravity and you end up with no star at all. The final one is the
Black holes - the strange scientific phenomenon that has astounded physicists and astronomers alike for decades. Popular subjects in science fiction novels, black holes are one of the greatest enigmas of the scientific world. Even today, the concept of a super-dense ball of matter that not even light can escape from is somewhat farfetched, and many scientists disagree with each other about nearly every aspect of a black hole. This project will attempt to shed some light on these mysterious formations, and will inform you the reader of the most popular and widely accepted theories surrounding them.
A Black Hole is defined as an object in space that is so compact, that has a gravitational pull so powerful, not even light can escape its pull. In most cases Black Holes are formed when a massive star (much larger than our own) undergoes a supernova explosion. When this happens, the star may collapse on its own gravitational pull, thus resulting in a an object with infinitely large density and zero volume. As a result, the escape velocity (the speed required to escape the gravitational pull) becomes even greater than the speed of light, and because nothing can travel faster than the speed of light, nothing can escape a black hole.
The American scientist John Wheeler coined the phrase “black hole” in 1969 to describe a massively compact star with such a strong gravitational field that light cannot escape. When a star’s central reserve of hydrogen is depleted, the star begins to die. Gravity causes the center to contract to higher and higher temperatures, while the outer regions swell up, and the star becomes a red giant. The star then evolves into a white dwarf, where most of its matter is compressed into a sphere roughly the size of Earth. Some stars continue to evolve, and their centers contract to even higher densities and temperatures until their nuclear reserves are exhausted and only their gravitational energy remain. The core then rushes inward while the mantle explodes outward, creating neutron stars in the form of rapidly rotating pulsars. Imploding stars overwhelmed by gravity form black holes, where the core hits infinite density and becomes a singularity (some estimate it at 10^94 times the density of water).
Before I begin to speak about black holes, I will have to explain what the white glowing specks in the sky are. Without a star a black hole could not be formed. In the beginning of a star life a hydrogen is a major part of its development. Stars form from the condensation of clouds of gas that contain hydrogen. Then atoms of the cloud are pulled together by gravity. The energy produced from the cloud is so great when it first collides, that a nuclear reaction occurs. The gasses within the star starts to burn continuously. The hydrogen gas is usually the first type of gas consumed in a star and then other gas elements such as carbon, oxygen, and helium are consumed. This chain reaction of explosions fuels the star for millions or billions of years depending on the amount of gases there are.
Black Holes Black holes are objects so dense that not even light can escape their gravity, and since nothing can travel faster than light, nothing can escape from inside a black hole. Loosely speaking, a black hole is a region of space that has so much mass concentrated in it that there is no way for a nearby object to escape its gravitational pull. Since our best theory of gravity at the moment is Einstein's general theory of relativity, we have to delve into some of the results of this theory to understand black holes in detail, by thinking about gravity under fairly simple circumstances. Suppose you are standing on the surface of a planet. You throw a rock straight into the air.
A star begins as nothing more than a very light distribution of interstellar gases and dust particles over a distance of a few dozen lightyears. Although there is extremely low pressure existing between stars, this distribution of gas exists instead of a true vacuum. If the density of gas becomes larger than .1 particles per cubic centimeter, the interstellar gas grows unstable. Any small deviation in density, and because it is impossible to have a perfectly even distribution in these clouds this is something that will naturally occur, and the area begins to contract. This happens because between about .1 and 1 particles per cubic centimeter, pressure gains an inverse relationship with density. This causes internal pressure to decrease with increasing density, which because of the higher external pressure, causes the density to continue to increase. This causes the gas in the interstellar medium to spontaneously collect into denser clouds. The denser clouds will contain molecular hydrogen (H2) and interstellar dust particles including carbon compounds, silicates, and small impure ice crystals. Also, within these clouds, there are 2 types of zones. There are H I zones, which contain neutral hydrogen and often have a temperature around 100 Kelvin (K), and there are H II zones, which contain ionized hydrogen and have a temperature around 10,000 K. The ionized hydrogen absorbs ultraviolet light from it’s environment and retransmits it as visible and infrared light. These clouds, visible to the human eye, have been named nebulae. The density in these nebulae is usually about 10 atoms per cubic centimeter. In brighter nebulae, there exists densities of up to several thousand atoms per cubic centimete...
A star will blow up with the help of gravitational collapses. When a star explodes from nuclear fusion it is because so much mass has built up within its core and it cannot hold the weight. Neutrons are the only things in nature that can stop a core implosion. When a white dwarf suffers a supernova, the energy comes from the runaway fusion of carbon and oxygen in the core.
At the start of the universe there was a varying degree of complexity that ensures the foundations of connections in our universe and planet Earth. With the foundation of the universe it allowed for stars, planets and black holes to form. Stars work as a complex mechanism as they are able to convert elements into fuel to survive, these small mechanisms in the star ensures its stability and makes it complex. The many ways stars are created and destroyed allows for the presentation of different levels of complexity. When a low mass star die it exhausts its fuel and collapses due to gravity, it will the slowly burn away and the carbon core will cool down and become a white dwarf. Massive stars with a higher mass end in a different way, their cores