APPLICATION OF DIETARY FIBERS AS VALUE ADDITION IN DAIRY AND FOOD INDUSTRY
INTRODUCTION
The term dietary fiber was first used by an Australian scientist, Eben Hipsley, in 1951 to describe lignin, cellulose, and hemicelluloses in food (Hipsley, 1953). Dietary Fibre means carbohydrate polymers with a degree of polymerisation (DP) not lower than 3 which are not hydrolysed by the endogenous enzymes in the small intestine of humans (FSSA, 2010). It includes polysaccharides, oligosaccharides, lignin and associated plant substances. Fiber is found in in all plant foods including legumes, cereals, some fruits (particularly oranges and bananas, apples) and berries, certain vegetables (such as broccoli, carrots and root vegetables and onions), and seed
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Dietary fibre is composed of modified or synthetic non-digestible carbohydrate polymers, non-digestible carbohydrate and lignin and other substances of plant origin (Elleuch et al., 2011). Cereals are the principal source of cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin. whereas vegetables and fruits are the primary sources of gums, mucilage and pectin (Elleuch et al., 2011).
Mechanisms of Dietary Fiber
Dietary fibers having three main primary mechanisms: fermentation, bulking and viscosity. The main action of dietary fiber is to change the nature of the contents of the alimentary tract, and to change how chemicals and other nutrients are assimilated. After soluble fiber ingested it absorb water and turns in to gel like structure which entrapes foods, sugar, cholesterol and fats in the stomach and carries them through digestive tract. Insoluble fiber moves through the large intestine and promote regularity (FSSA,2010;
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Insoluble dietary fibers absorb water in the human digestive system, resulting softening stool, shortening of transit time in and increased bulk, diminish the activity of potentially harmful bacteria. Because of the low caloric value of the fibers, it influence on satiety, soluble and insoluble fibers both are also important for weight management (Bourquin et al., 1996: Elleuch et al., 2011). Prebiotics like polydextrose, FOS (fructooligosaccharides) and inulin, which are fermented in the colon and stimulate the activity of beneficial micro flora, such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacteria. During fermentation process it produces short chain fatty acids can lower the pH in the colon which may improve absorption of minerals.
BENEFICIAL PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF DIETARY FIBER
Beneficial Physiological Effect Authority
Influence of immune function, fermentability and production of SCFAS (short chain fatty acids), attenuation of post prandial blood glucose, improved laxation, attenuation of blood cholesterol IOM (2001)*
Improved laxation, attenuation of blood cholesterol and attenuation of blood glucose AACC (2007)* fermentability by colonic microflora, attenuation of post prandial blood glucose, Attenuation of blood cholesterol, increasing of stool bulk, decreasing of intestinal transist time, EU
For example, if a person had been able to consume lactose products for their life with no problems, but in an unfortunate event had to have a portion of his or her small intestine removed, there would be a change in the number of present lactase enzymes in the stomach. Because the lactase enzyme is stored in the small intestine, the person may now experience lactose intolerance due to the decrease in the presence of lactase. Knowing where the lactase enzyme is stored can aid physicians in understanding what will happen after a procedure or the introduction of a new medication. The experiment was conducted to determine the optimal ph of lactose required to produce the maximum amount of glucose. It was predicted that the optimal ph of lactose would be most efficient at lactose ph 6, and that the lower the ph, the amount of glucose produced would increase
During digestion, the body breaks down food into smaller molecules that could then be used by the body’s cells and tissues in order to perform functions. This starts off in the mouth with the physical movements of chewing and the chemical breakdown by saliva. Enzymes in the stomach break food down further after traveling from the mouth through the esophagus. The food from here then moves into the small intestine, where pancreatic juices and enzymes dissolve proteins, carbohydrates, and fibers, and bile from the liver breaks down fats into these small molecules. Any portion of the fibers or food that were unable to be broken down are passed from the small intestine to the large intestine, which is where the digestive tract transitions into the excretory tract, then the colon and out of the rectum. Any liquids that have been stripped of their nutrients by the body proceed from the stomach to the kidneys. In the kidneys, sodium ions (Na+), uric acid, and urea are exchanged with water, which moves urinary bladder and is excreted through the
...sorption. The microvilli contain various protein channels and plasma membranes that contain pumps that use ATP. They allow the effective movement of nutrient subunits through diffusion and active transport. These subunits include monosaccharides, nucleic acids, glycerol, amino acids and fatty acids. For them to reach the circulatory system, the nutrient subunits pass through the wall of the small intestine to enter a dense network of capillaries that are found within the villi. The capillary will allow the transportation of the nutrient subunits to reach the tissues of the body; this movement of nutrients into the blood is known as absorption. The villi increase the surface area of the small intestine over which food may be absorbed. The waste products of this process, such as fiber, are then pushed into the colon, where they wait to be expelled by a bowel movement.
Absorption is the way of digesting the food molecules into the small intestine. This process of absorption pass throughout the wall of the small intestine into the bloodstream. The bloodstream carried out all important nutrients to the
Through time, most renowned practitioners of alternative medicine have claimed that an unclean colon is the most dominant cause of all kinds of diseases. Without regular and proper bowl movements, the waste material that is supposed to be driven out of the body remains inside. They in turn produce toxins which are slowly absorbed by other parts of the body including the organs. This in no way can be something good for the body. In fact the toxic waste can
arg.gov.sk.ca - arg.gov.sk.ca - arg.gov.sk.ca - arg.gov.sk.ca - arg.gov Carbohydrates supply 80-90% of dietary energy. Sugars, starch, cellulose and related substances are carbohydrates. Starch is more easily digested than cellulose. Grains are easy to digest as they are 60-80% starch. A recent study conducted by Sharon R. Bullimore et al.
The digestive system otherwise known as the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) is a long tube which runs from the mouth to the anus. It operates to break down the food we eat from large macromolecules such as starch, proteins and fats, which can’t be easily absorbed, into readily absorbable molecules such as glucose, fatty acids and amino acids. Once broken down, these molecules can cross the cells lining the small intestine, enter into the circulatory system and be transported around the body finally being used for energy, growth and repair.
Diverticular disease is a common intestinal disease (Tufts University) which Americans have a high risk of getting due to the low amount fiber in their diets. Without enough fiber in one’s diet, there can be difficulty in releasing excrement from the body. Not only does low consumption of fiber lead to di...
...he Buttermilk White bread. The food makes its way to the transverse colon and extra nutrients are released form the cellulose of the undigested particles. It continues on to the descending colon. There I start to manufacture vitamin K and other B-complex vitamins. Those are then absorbed into my large intestine.
The bran, which is the hard outer covering of the grain, high in dietary fiber, vitamin B and minerals. You can recognize it in whole wheat flour; it looks like tiny brownish flakes.
The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range suggests the total calories for carbohydrates are 46 to 65 percent. There are three types of carbohydrates: starch, fibres and sugar. According to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans (2005) diets that are high in fibre show a decrease in the risk of heart disease and constipation. In these guidelines it is recommends a fibre intake of 14 grams per 1,000 calories. They recommend you get high fibres foods such as whole grains, fruits and vegetables e.g. wholemeal bread, brown pasta
Natural products include dietary supplements and probiotics. Dietary supplements can be anything from multivitamins to supplemental herbs. Probiotics are live bacteria that are found in the digestive tract (National Center, 2011, para.6). H...
end up in the colon where billions of bacterial feed on them - in turn
A vital system to the process of detoxification is the gastrointestinal (GI) tract (Gaetano Morello 2009). Within this gastrointestinal tract many toxins are absorbed, which the body can then eliminate via the stool. The gastrointestinal tract works in conjunction with the liver as the vast majority of the food toxins processed through the liver are then excreted through the gastrointestinal tract. In order for an individual to have proper cellular nutrition, bowel movements should occur a couple of times a day; this ensures that the functions of the gastrointestinal tract are healthy. Maintaining proper cellular nutrition is extremely important for the human body as it provides the cells with all the nutrients and all the antioxidants required, this is done at optimal levels (HerbalHealth n.d.). The result of proper cellular nutrition is that it allows the body to attack any diseases at its core. The healthier the villi are, the more the body can efficiently absorb the nutrients that the cells need. This will also make an individual’s overall health improve
The majority of the diseases arises from abnormal functioning of the digestive fire, which rightly central to health. Digestive fire plays, plays vital role in the absorption of macro and micronutrients. It is needed for is destructive of pathogens. The food that in not digested